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ration line between the cross…bedded sandstone and the upper red sandstone is clearly revealed to the left of the trail。
By this time all timidity has vanished； and you implicitly trust both mule and trail； even when going around that narrow ledge known as Cape Horn。
Now； immediately before us； the majestic pile known as the Battleship presents itself with new power。 The ship itself is composed of the red sandstone。 The base upon which it rests is the red…wall limestone。
A few feet further； and the cross…bedded sandstone may be seen far below on the right； out of plumb with the same mass on the left； to which it belongs； clearly showing that some convulsion of nature has either thrust the mass on the left up； or forced the mass on the right down。
From this spot a fine view is had of the red…wall limestone below and the Indian Garden； and； far below； at the end of Pipe Creek； the peculiar folding of the Algonkian strata。 This folding is also to be seen on the other side of the river in the same rocks。
Trees； Flowers and Birds。 While descending the first mile of trail； one sees plenty of flowers and shrubs； and many Douglas spruces。 These do not exist on the rim； and； strange to say； the pines which abound there are never found on the trail。 One will generally hear the sweet descending 〃pipe〃 of the canyon wren； and the harsh scolding of the blue…winged pinion jay。 Hawks； owls； mocking…birds and robins are often seen。 Butterflies； moths； and humming…birds wing their way to and fro and give a delicate touch of life to the stern rocky features。 Time was when the visitor at El Tovar who went down the trail to the river might have seen mountain sheep； bear； deer； antelopes and coyotes。
Jacob's Ladder。 When the 〃blue lime〃the top of the red…wall limestoneis reached； one may study a fine piece of real canyon trail…making； locally called Jacob's Ladder。 Here steps have been cut in the slippery and solid rocks； in some places built up with timbers； and thus made perfectly safe。 It is customary for everybody to dismount here； so as to lighten the load。 The well…trained saddle mules of El Tovar stables go up and down this part of the trail without hesitation。
Red…Wall Limestone。 Standing on the summit of the red…wall limestone； we are again forcefully reminded that it is the most prominent member of the Grand Canyon strata。 Its insistent mass is a thousand feet in thickness。 The face of this wall； close before us； is carved into numerous alcoves； and as we near its base； we observe to the right a vast double…cornered recess known as Angel Alcove。 From here it is interesting to look up to the rim and observe the peculiar and varied contour of the many pinnacles cut by wind and storm out of the cherty limestone。
Buddha and Manu Temples。 From this point； also； the first good view； from below the rim； of Buddha Temple （seven thousand two hundred and eighteen feet） is obtained。 It is to the left of Bright Angel Creek。 Now look carefully at the ridge that leads the eye from Buddha Temple to Bright Angel Creek。 It appears to be a portion of the main wall of the Kaibab Plateau。 In reality it is three miles from the Kaibab wall； and； under suitable conditions； may be seen as a massive temple； which has been named Manu Temple （seven thousand one hundred and ninety…two feet）； after the great law…giver of the Hindoos。
Indian Garden and Cheops Pyramid。 At the base of the red…wall limestone； the trail opens up a little； and permits easier breathing by the tyro on horseback； from now on to Indian Garden （three thousand eight hundred and seventy…six feet） we ride in a boulder bed； where large blocks of rock of every conceivable shape lie as they fell from the strata above。 Small shrubs and plants abound； and tiny lizards and inquisitive swifts dart to and fro。 Nearer to us is Cheops Pyramid （five thousand three hundred and fifty feet）； a massive monument； though less ornately carved than Buddha。
Isis and Shiva Temples。 Above it and farther to the left； is Isis Temple （seven thousand and twenty…eight feet）； the cap of which； at this angle； presents the appearance of two acorn…like structures resting upon their cups； the taller of which is carved out of the cross…bedded sandstone。 It is the eastern supporter of Shiva Temple （seven thousand six hundred and fifty feet）； of which Captain Dutton； who named it； wrote eloquently and vividly。
Brahma and Zoroaster Temples。 Now turn the eye away from Shiva； across to the east of Bright Angel Creek。 There； outlined against the sky； are two noble…profiled buttes。 The rear one is Brahma Temple （seven thousand five hundred and fifty…four feet）； named after the first of the Hindoo triad； the Supreme Creator。 The smaller butte； an angular mass of solid； unrelieved rock； sloping in a peculiarly oblique fashion； is Zoroaster Temple （seven thousand one hundred and thirty feet）； thus adding to the Hindoo pantheon a fane for the founder of the religion of the Irano…Persians。
Deva Temple； Obi； and Komo Points。 Behind Brahma can be seen； when at the right angle； a flat…topped detached mass （seven thousand three hundred and forty…four feet） named Deva Temple。 Behind and above it are two points； Obi （eight thousand feet） to the right； and Komo； about the same height； to the left。 These are the salient points on Walhalla Plateau； overlooking the Ottoman Amphitheatre； the chief temples of which I have already named。
Indian Garden。 Passing now through the fertile Indian Garden； Angel Plateau is reached。 The spring at Indian Garden is large enough to irrigate a small tract of ground。 Experience has demonstrated that not only can vegetables of every kind be grown here； but all kinds of fruits； even oranges； lemons and grapefruit。 For two miles after leaving the Garden； we ride over a fairly level plateau to its edge； where it overlooks the Granite Gorge。 Here； standing on the Tonto sandstone （three thousand seven hundred and eight feet）； we look down into the dark recesses of the inner gorge； and picture the events described by Major Powell； when he and his brave band of intrepid explorers passed through。
O'Neill Butte。 Now looking back to the rim at Yaki Point； we see beneath it； and corresponding to the Battleship； an imposing structure。 It has been named O'Neill Butte； in honor of 〃Bucky〃 O'Neill； one of Roosevelt's Rough Riders； who was slain during the heroic charge at San Juan Hill。 He it was who interested Eastern capitalists in the Anita Mine； and was therefore indirectly responsible for the building of the Grand Canyon Railway。
Pipe Creek。 Those who wish to go to the river now retrace a portion of the way to the Indian Garden； and then turn off eastward by the old…time Indian corn…storage houses。 Here one obtains a fine view of the wild chaos of metamorphosed rocks of Pipe Creek。 It is a veritable Pluto's workshop； where the rocks are twisted； burned； and tortured out of all semblance to their original condition。 They are made into cruel and black jagged ridges； which seem eager to tear and rend you。
Falls of Willow Creek。 In these forbidding rocks the Devil's Corkscrew Trail has been cut； winding and twisting down； down； twelve hundred feet； passing by a split in the rocks where the waters of Willow Creek make a waterfall of over two hundred feet。
The Colorado River。 At last the Colorado River is reached； and we are but two thousand four hundred and thirty…six feet above the sea。 El Tovar； above； is six thousand eight hundred and sixty…six feet； and we have thus descended four thousand four hundred and thirty feet； nearly a mile； from rim to river。 And what a river it is！ No one can form any idea of it； unless he stands on the very brink； almost deafened by the sound of its sullen roar and turbulent rapids。 It is hungry； insatiable； murderous； cruel。 Many a foolish mortal has had the breath dashed from his body by these powerful waves。 Those who wish to cross to the other side can defy danger in the cable crossing； but only a skilled boatman should attempt to row across。
Colorado Salmon。 Fish are caught in the river here at times。 The chief variety is a scale…bearing fish； of silvery appearance； commonly known to the local dwellers as Colorado salmon。 Specimens have been caught t