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sentinels and provide the censors and auditors。 Five or six spies；
familiar with the section； and paid forty sous a day； remain during
the session； and ready to undertake any enterprise。 These same
individuals will take orders from one Committee of Surveillance to
another； 。 。 so that if the sans…culottes of one section are not
strong enough they may call in those of a neighboring section。〃 In
such assemblies the elections are decided beforehand； and we see how
the faction keeps forcibly in its hands； or obtains by force； every
elective position。 The Council of the Commune； in spite of the hostile
inclinations of the Legislative Assembly and the Convention； succeeds
at first in maintaining itself four months； then； in December；＇5＇ when
it is at last compelled to break up； it reappears through the
authorization of the suffrage； reinforced and completed by its own
class； with three chiefs； a syndic…attorney； a deputy and a mayor； all
three authors or abettors of the September massacre； with Chaumette；
Anaxagoras； so…called； once a cabin…boy； then a clerk； always in debt；
a windbag； and given to drink； Hébert； called 〃Père Duchesne；〃 which
states about all that is necessary for him； Pache； a subaltern busy…
body； a bland； smooth…faced intriguer； who； with his simple air and
seeming worth； pushes himself up to the head of the War Department；
where he used all its resources for pillaging； and who； born in a
door…keeper's lodgings； returns there； either through craft or
inclination； to take his dinner。 The Jacobins； with the civil power
in their hands； also grab the military power。 Immediately after the
10th of August；＇6＇ the National Guard is reorganized and distributed
in as many battalions as there are sections； each battalion thus
becoming 〃a section in arms〃； by this we may judge its composition；
and the kind of rabble…rousers they select as officers and non…
commissioned officers。 〃The title of National Guard；〃 writes a deputy；
〃can no longer be given to the lot of pikemen and substitutes； mixed
with a few bourgeois； who； since the 10th of August； maintain the
military service in Paris。〃 There are； indeed； 110；000 names on paper；
when called out on important occasions； all who are registered may
respond； if not disarmed； but； in general； almost all stay at home and
pay a sans…culotte to mount guard in their place。 In fact； there is
for the daily service only a hired reserve in each section； about one
hundred men； always the same individuals。 This makes in Paris a band
of four or five thousand roughs； in which the squads may be
distinguished which have already been seen in September： Maillard and
his 68 men at the Abbaye； Gauthier and his 40 men at Chantilly；
Audouin； the Sapper of the Carmelites；〃 and his 350 men in the suburbs
of Paris； Fournier； Lazowski and their 1；500 men at Orleans and
Versailles。＇7＇ As to the pay of these and that of their civil
auxiliaries； the faction is not troubled about that； for； along with
power； it has seized money。 To say nothing of its rapine in
September；＇8＇ and without including the lucrative offices at its
disposition； four hundred of these being distributed by Pache alone；
and four hundred more by Chaumette；＇9＇ the Commune has 850；000 francs
per month for its military police。 Other bleedings at the Treasury
cause more public money to flow into the pockets of its clients。 One
million per month supports the idle workmen which fife and drum have
collected together to form the camp around Paris。 Five millions of
francs protect the petty tradesmen of the capital against the
depreciation in value of certificates of credit。 Twelve thousand
francs a day keep down the price of bread for the Paris poor。＇10＇ To
these regularly allowed subsidies add the funds which are diverted or
extorted。 On one side； in the War Department； Pache； its accomplice
before becoming its mayor； organizes a steady stream of waste and
theft； in three months he succeeds in bringing about a deficiency of
130；000；000； 〃without vouchers。〃＇11＇ On another side； the Duke of
Orleans； become Philippe…Egalité； dragged along by the men once in his
pay； with a rope around his neck and almost strangled； has to pay out
more than ever； even down to the very depths of his purse； to save his
own life he consents to vote for the King's death； besides resigning
himself to other sacrifices；＇12＇ it is probable that a large portion
of his 74；000；000 of indebtedness at his death is due to all this。
Thus in possession of civil and military offices； of arms and money；
the faction； masters of Paris； has nothing to do but master the
isolated Convention； and this it invests on all sides。＇13＇
II。
Its parliamentary recruits。 Their characters and minds。 Saint…
Just。 Violence of the minority in the Convention。 Pressure of
the galleries。 Menaces of the streets。
Through the elections； the Jacobin advance…guard of fifty deputies is
already posted there； while； owing to the fascination it has to
excitable and despotic natures； to brutal temperaments； narrow；
disjointed minds； weak imaginations； doubtful honesty； and old
religious or social rancor； it succeeds in doubling this number at the
end of six months。＇14＇ On the benches of the extreme 〃Left；〃 around
Robespierre； Danton and Marat； the original nucleus of the September
faction； sit men of their stamp； first； the corrupt； like Chabot；
Tallien and Barras； wretches like Fouché； Guffroy and Javogues； crazy
enthusiasts like David； savage maniacs like Carrier； paltry simpletons
like Joseph Lebon； common fanatics like Levasseur； Baubot； Jeanbon…
Saint…André； Romme and Lebas。 Add also； and especially； the future
iron…handed representatives； uncouth； authoritarian； and narrow…
minded； excellent troopers for a political militia； Bourbotte；
Duquesnoy； Rewbell； and Bentabole； 〃a lot of ignorant bastards；〃 said
Danton；＇15＇ 〃without any common sense； and patriotic only when drunk。
Marat is nothing but a bawler。 Legendre is fit for nothing but to cut
up his meat。 The rest are good for little else than voting by either
sitting down or standing up； but they are cold blooded and have broad
shoulders。〃 From amongst these energetic nonentities we see ascending
a young monster； with calm； handsome features； Saint…Just。 He is a
kind of precocious Sylla； 25 years old and a new…comer； who springs at
once from the ranks and； by dint of atrocities； obtains a prominent
position。＇16＇ Six years before this he began life by a domestic
robbery； on a visit to his mother； he left the house during the night；
carrying off the plate and jewels； which he squandered while living in
a lodging house in the Rue Fromenteau； in the center of Parisian
prostitution；＇17＇ on the strength of this； and at the demand of his
friends； he is shut up in a house of correction for six months。 On
returning to his lodgings he occupied himself with writing an obscene
poem in the style of La Pucelle and then； through a fit of rage
resembling a spasm； he plunged headlong into the Revolution。 He
possessed a 〃blood calcified by study；〃 a colossal pride； an unhinged
conscience； a pompous； gloomy imagination haunted with the bloody
recollections of Rome and Sparta； an intelligence so warped and
twisted as to be comfortable only among excessive paradoxes； shameless
sophistry； and devastating lies。＇18＇ All these dangerous ingredients
which； mingled in the crucible of suppressed； concentrated ambition；
long and silently boiling within him； have led to a constant defiance；
a determined callousness； an automatic rigidity； and to the summary
politics of the Utopian dictator and exterminator。 It is plain
that such a minority will not obey parliamentary rules； and； rather
than yield to the majority that it will introduce into the debate boos
and hisses； insults； threats； and scuffles with daggers； pistols；
sabers and even the 〃blunder busses〃 of a veritable combat。
〃Vile intriguers； cal