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tes； stalagmites and sheets of calcareous deposits； that hang like curtains before the more solid side walls。 While appearing in the red…wall limestone； the rock of these caves is all of a creamy white； thus demonstrating that the formation itself is white； but that the exposed walls are stained by the red washed over them from the strata above。
Copper Mine。 The mine is equally interesting； and to those who have never seen the operations of tunneling； stouping； driving shafts； winzes and the like； and the removal of the ore； it is an experience well worth while。 （At this writing the mine is temporarily closed。）
A Fine Trip。 From the Horseshoe Mesa； one may descend to the Lower Plateau on horseback； and then to the river on foot。 Those who wish a more extended trip should ride from the camp； across the old Hance and Mineral Canyons into Red Canyon； stay over night at the river； at the foot of the Red Canyon Trail； and then return up the latter trail to the hotel。 The trail is fairly good； and the three different side canyons traversed reveal a wonderful variety of rock scenery。
To Hance Canyon。 To take this trip； the trail passes the mine； eastward； down a steep break in the red…wall limestone； zigzagging back and forth。 Passing under overhanging cliffs； it leads down until the plateau is reached； where twenty years ago I saw bands of mountain sheep。 From this plateau； the descent is steep into Hance Canyon； and the student of the dynamic forces of nature can here see （when about half…way down） a wonderful example of the shattering of the earth's crust。 Here the immense mass of the 〃red…wall〃 has been shaken up； and is now rapidly disintegrating； to be washed down by the storms of succeeding years into the great river which will ultimately deposit it in the Gulf of California。
By and by Vishnu Temple； the grandest of the rocky structures； comes into sight； and a little further on one can see； at the base of Vishnu； and above the granite； the red tilted strata of the Algonkian。
The descent into Hance Canyon reveals a fine view of Ayer Peak； and as we look down we can see the peculiar shattering of the Tonto sandstones that Thomas Moran named the Temple of Set。 It takes but a few minutes to ride or walk down to the temple； which is one of the distinctive features of the Hance Trail； down which most of the early visitors to the Canyon used to come。
Angel Gate。 The ascent is now made on the eastern side of Hance Canyon； to the summit of the Tonto sandstones； and from this point a fine view of Angel Gate is to be had； its rich reds contrasting agreeably with the grays and olives of the Tonto series。
Mineral and Red Canyons。 On the plateaus separating Hance Canyon from Mineral Canyon； and the latter from Red Canyon； one can see the rare Algonkian strata to fine advantage。 Numerous faultings and flexurings may be observed； and on the last mile before reaching the foot of Red Canyon； the trail leads through a great boulder bed along the brink of the gorge immediately overhanging the river。 Camp is made here at night。
The return ride up the Red Canyon Trail is made enjoyable by the brilliant colorings； the faultings and nonconformities of the strata； which are apparent even to the most undiscerning layman。 Here the conglomerate appears above the blue limestone； while ordinarily it is found below it。 The Algonkian also is largely in evidence。 Across the river one may see the location of the asbestos deposits。
Moran Point。 Grand View Point and the points east are all reached from the Grand View Hotel。 The first of these is Moran Point； seven thousand one hundred and fifty…seven feet elevation； five miles east。 The trip may be made in a vehicle； over a road from which the Canyon is not visible until the point is reached； or in the saddle； over a trail； the last two miles of which are along the rim。 This is a unique trail； from the fact that it overlooks Hance Creek； and further along； gives commanding outlooks down Red Canyon。
Zuni Point。 From Zuni Point； two miles further east； a still more extensive view is obtained。 The trip to these two points may be made in half a day； but many prefer to give a full day。
Navaho Point and Desert View。 Ten miles from Grand View is Navaho Point； over seven thousand feet elevation。 The ride thither； after leaving Zuni Point； is through the Coconino Forest； without a trail。 It is necessarily a saddle trip。 The outlook is especially attractive； as it presents portions of the Painted Desert and the mouth of Marble Canyon。
Comanche Point； seven thousand and seventy…nine feet； and Cape Solitude； six thousand one hundred and fifty…seven feet； are respectively about seventeen and twenty miles east of Grand View； and may be visited in the saddle during a camping…out trip of two days。 They both command views of the amphitheatre where the Colorado River makes an almost right angle curve from Marble Canyon into the Granite Gorge。 The walls are precipitous to three thousand five hundred feet below； and the outlook afforded is about seventy miles in either direction； up and down the Canyon。 In addition to the Canyon outlook； Cape Solitude； which might well be called Desert View； commands a fine expanse of the Painted Desert； extending a hundred miles in either direction； the colorings of which are especially dazzling at sunset。 The Little Colorado River flows through this desert； one thousand five hundred feet below Cape Solitude； in a gorge of about two thousand five hundred feet in depth。 From the narrow canyon of the Little Colorado； the desert rises to the east in three successive； gigantic steps of about one thousand feet each。 This affords a panorama of glorious colorings at sunset； while the view in the opposite direction glows best in the early hours of dawn。
To those who wish to camp out； sleeping in the open for two or more nights； the trip may be extended to the Canyon of the Little Colorado。 In this excursion； one gets a fine breath of the desert； a sight of the narrow and boxed…in Little Colorado Canyon； and extended desert views； passing by Cedar Mountain； one of the few spots where fragments of the almost vanished strata of the Permian age are still visible。
Tuba City and Moenkopi。 Tuba City； sixty miles east of Grand View Hotel （a four days' saddle and camping…out trip）； is situated in the Painted Desert； and is the headquarters of the Navaho Indians of this locality。 Here also is located the United States Government Indian School； where the children of several tribes are being civilized。 Two miles away is Moenkopi； a Hopi village； or pueblo； of some thirty homes； where this pastoral and home…loving people may be found engaged in their quiet agricultural pursuits； the women also busy at basket…making and the fashioning of pottery。 At Tuba City there are many Navahos living in their hogans； where the rude silversmiths are at work creating their 〃arts and crafts〃 ware； and the looms of the blanket…weavers are incessantly busy。
Crater Mountain。 Crater Mountain； thirty…nine miles south of Grand View Hotel； is an extinct volcano with one side eroded； leaving a sheer wall five hundred feet high in circular form； with a variety of pillars standing high above the bottom of the amphitheatre。 Its red； yellow and black colors combine in a peculiar harmony； and novel effects are witnessed at sunset； or by moonlight。 To enjoy this trip aright； one should drive there； and arrange to sleep in the amphitheatre； returning on the following day。
Extinct Volcanoes。 Or； if a more extended trip is desired； one can drive on to the many cinder cones and extinct volcanoes that lie to the north and east of the San Francisco Mountains； including Sunset Crater and O'Leary Peak； and then into Flagstaff。
CHAPTER X。 A New 〃Rim〃 Road And Trail Into The Scenic Heart Of The Canyon
Large corporate bodies do not always move with the same rapidity as do personal enterprises where one man controls。 Many minds and many interests often have to be consulted。 When； however； the way is clear； a corporate body； with its vast power； can accomplish in a short time what individuals could never compass in several successive lifetimes。
These remarks are exemplified in the action of the Santa Fe Rai