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a Buddha。
＇5＇ Sudatta； meaning 〃almsgiver；〃 was the original name of Anatha…
pindika （or Pindada）； a wealthy householder； or Vaisya head； of Sravasti；
famous for his liberality （Hardy； Anepidu）。 Of his old house； only the well
and walls remained at the time of Fa…hien's visit to Sravasti。
＇6＇ The Angulimalya were a sect or set of Sivaitic fanatics； who made
assassination a religious act。 The one of them here mentioned had joined
them by the force of circumstances。 Being converted by Buddha； he
became a monk； but when it is said in the text that he 〃got the Tao；〃 or
doctrine； I think that expression implies more than his conversion； and is
equivalent to his becoming an Arhat。 His name in Pali is Angulimala。 That
he did become an Arhat is clear from his autobiographical poem in the
〃Songs of the Theras。〃
＇7＇ Eitel （p。 37） says：〃A noted vihara in the suburbs of Sravasti；
erected in a park which Anatha…pindika bought of prince Jeta； the son of
Prasenajit。 Sakyamuni made this place his favourite residence for many
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years。 Most of the Sutras （authentic and supposititious） date from this
spot。〃
＇8＇ See chapter xvii。
＇9＇ See chapter xiii。
＇10＇ Arya； meaning 〃honourable；〃 〃venerable；〃 is a title given only to
those who have mastered the four spiritual truths：（1） that 〃misery〃 is a
necessary condition of all sentient existence； this is duhkha： （2） that the
〃accumulation〃 of misery is caused by the passions； this is samudaya： （3）
that the 〃extinction〃 of passion is possible； this is nirodha： and （4） that the
〃path〃 leads to the extinction of passion； which is marga。 According to
their attainment of these truths； the Aryas； or followers of Buddha； are
distinguished into four classes； Srotapannas； Sakridagamins； Anagamins；
and Arhats。 E。 H。； p。 14。
＇11＇ This is the first time that Fa…hien employs the name Ho…shang ｛。｝
｛。｝； which is now popularly used in China for all Buddhist monks without
distinction of rank or office。 It is the representative of the Sanskrit term
Upadhyaya； 〃explained；〃 says Eitel （p。 155） by 〃a self…taught teacher；〃 or
by 〃he who knows what is sinful and what is not sinful；〃 with the note； 〃In
India the vernacular of this term is ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （？ munshee ＇？ Bronze＇）； in
Kustana and Kashgar they say ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （hwa…shay）； and from the latter term
are derived the Chinese synonyms； ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （ho…shay） and ｛。｝ ｛。｝ （ho…
shang）。〃 The Indian term was originally a designation for those who teach
only a part of the Vedas； the Vedangas。 Adopted by Buddhists of Central
Asia； it was made to signify the priests of the older ritual； in distinction
from the Lamas。 In China it has been used first as a synonym for ｛。｝ ｛。｝；
monks engaged in popular teaching （teachers of the Law）； in distinction
from ｛。｝ ｛。｝； disciplinists； and ｛。｝ ｛。｝； contemplative philosophers
（meditationists）； then it was used to designate the abbots of monasteries。
But it is now popularly applied to all Buddhist monks。 In the text there
seems to be implied some distinction between the 〃teachers〃 and the 〃ho…
shang；〃probably； the Pali Akariya and Upagghaya； see Sacred Books of
the East； vol。 xiii； Vinaya Texts； pp。 178； 179。
＇12＇ It might be added； 〃as depending on it；〃 in order to bring out the
full meaning of the ｛。｝ in the text。 If I recollect aright； the help of the
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police had to be called in at Hong Kong in its early years； to keep the
approaches to the Cathedral free from the number of beggars； who
squatted down there during service； hoping that the hearers would come
out with softened hearts； and disposed to be charitable。 I found the popular
tutelary temples in Peking and other places； and the path up Mount T'ai in
Shan…lung similarly frequented。
＇13＇ The wife of Anatha…pindika； and who became 〃mother superior〃
of many nunneries。 See her history in M。 B。； pp。 220…227。 I am surprised it
does not end with the statement that she is to become a Buddha。
＇14＇ See E。 H。； p。 136。 Hsuan…chwang does not give the name of this
murderer； see in Julien's 〃Vie et Voyages de Hiouen…thsang；〃 p。 125； 〃a
heretical Brahman killed a woman and calumniated Buddha。〃 See also the
fuller account in Beal's 〃Records of Western Countries；〃 pp。 7； 8； where
the murder is committed by several Brahmacharins。 In this passage Beal
makes Sundari to be the name of the murdered person （a harlot）。 But the
text cannot be so construed。
＇15＇ Eitel （p。 144） calls her Chancha； in Singhalese； Chinchi。 See the
story about her； M。 B。； pp。 275…277。
＇16＇ 〃Earth's prison；〃 or 〃one of Earth's prisons。〃 It was the Avichi
naraka to which she went； the last of the eight hot prisons； where the
culprits die； and are born again in uninterrupted succession （such being the
meaning of Avichi）； though not without hope of final redemption。 E。 H。 p。
21。
＇17＇ Devadatta was brother of Ananda； and a near relative therefore of
Sakyamuni。 He was the deadly enemy； however； of the latter。 He had
become so in an earlier state of existence； and the hatred continued in
every successive birth； through which they reappeared in the world。 See
the accounts of him； and of his various devices against Buddha； and his
own destruction at the last； in M。 B。； pp。 315…321； 326…330； and still better；
in the Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xx； Vinaya Texts； pp。 233…265。 For
the particular attempt referred to in the text； see 〃The Life of the Buddha；〃
p。 107。 When he was engulphed； and the flames were around him； he cried
out to Buddha to save him； and we are told that he is expected yet to
appear as a Buddha under the name of Devaraja； in a universe called
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Deva…soppana。 E。 H。； p。 39。
＇18＇ 〃A devalaya （｛。｝ ｛。｝ or ｛。｝ ｛。｝）； a place in which a deva is
worshipped；a general name for all Brahmanical temples〃 （Eitel； p。 30）。
We read in the Khang…hsi dictionary under ｛。｝； that when Kasyapa
Matanga came to the Western Regions； with his Classics or Sutras； he was
lodged in the Court of State…Ceremonial； and that afterwards there was
built for him 〃The Court of the White…horse〃 （｛。｝ ｛。｝ ｛。｝）； and in
consequence the name of Sze ｛。｝ came to be given to all Buddhistic
temples。 Fa…hien； however； applies this term only to Brahmanical temples。
＇19＇ Their speech was somewhat unconnected； but natural enough in
the circumstances。 Compare the whole account with the narrative in I
Samuel v。 about the Ark and Dagon； that 〃twice…battered god of Palestine。〃
＇20＇ 〃Entered the doctrine or path。〃 Three stages in the Buddhistic life
are indicated by Fa…hien：〃entering it；〃 as here； by becoming monks （｛。｝
｛。｝）； 〃getting it；〃 by becoming Arhats （｛。｝ ｛。｝）； and 〃completing it；〃 by
becoming Buddha （｛。｝ ｛。｝）。
＇21＇ It is not quite clear whether the author had in mind here Central
India as a whole； which I think he had； or only Kosala