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was admitted later； in July； 1869。
The International Working Men's Association had been founded in
London in 1864； and its statutes and program were drawn up by Marx。
Bakunin at first did not expect it to prove a success and refused to join it。
But it spread with remarkable rapidity in many countries and soon became
a great power for the propagation of Socialist ideas。 Originally it was by
no means wholly Socialist； but in successive Congresses Marx won it over
more and more to his views。 At its third Congress； in Brussels in
September； 1868； it became definitely Socialist。 Meanwhile Bakunin；
regretting his earlier abstention； had decided to join it； and he brought with
him a considerable following in French…Switzerland； France； Spain and
Italy。 At the fourth Congress； held at Basle in September； 1869； two
currents were strongly marked。 The Germans and English followed Marx
in his belief in the State as it was to become after the abolition of private
property； they followed him also in his desire to found Labor Parties in the
various countries； and to utilize the machinery of democracy for the
election o* representatives of Labor to Parliaments。 On the other hand； the
Latin nations in the main followed Bakunin in opposing the State and
disbelieving in the machinery of representative government。 The conflict
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between these two groups grew more and more bitter； and each accused
the other of various offenses。 The statement that Bakunin was a spy was
repeated； but was withdrawn after investigation。 Marx wrote in a
confidential communication to his German friends that Bakunin was an
agent of the Pan…Slavist party and received from them 25；000 francs a year。
Meanwhile； Bakunin became for a time interested in the attempt to stir up
an agrarian revolt in Russia； and this led him to neglect the contest in the
International at a crucial moment。 During the Franco…Prussian war
Bakunin passionately took the side of France； especially after the fall of
Napoleon III。 He endeavored to rouse the people to revolutionary
resistance like that of 1793； and became involved in an abortive attempt at
revolt in Lyons。 The French Government accused him of being a paid
agent of Prussia； and it was with difficulty that he escaped to Switzerland。
The dispute with Marx and his followers had become exacerbated by the
national dispute。 Bakunin； like Kropotkin after him； regarded the new
power of Germany as the greatest menace to liberty in the world。 He hated
the Germans with a bitter hatred； partly； no doubt； on account of Bismarck；
but probably still more on account of Marx。 To this day； Anarchism has
remained confined almost exclusively to the Latin countries； and has been
associated with； a hatred of Germany； growing out of the contests between
Marx and Bakunin in the International。
The final suppression of Bakunin's faction occurred at the General
Congress of the International at the Hague in 1872。 The meeting…place was
chosen by the General Council （in which Marx was unopposed）； with a
viewso Bakunin's friends contend to making access impossible for
Bakunin （on account of the hostility of the French and German
governments） and difficult for his friends。 Bakunin was expelled from the
International as the result of a report accusing him inter alia of theft
backed； up by intimidation。
The orthodoxy of the International was saved； but at the cost of its
vitality。 From this time onward； it ceased to be itself a power； but both
sections continued to work in their various groups； and the Socialist
groups in particular grew rapidly。 Ultimately a new International was
formed （1889） which continued down to the outbreak of the present war。
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As to the future of International Socialism it would be rash to prophesy；
though it would seem that the international idea has acquired sufficient
strength to need again； after the war； some such means of expression as it
found before in Socialist congresses。
By this time Bakunin's health was broken； and except for a few brief
intervals； he lived in retirement until his death in 1876。
Bakunin's life； unlike Marx's； was a very stormy one。 Every kind of
rebellion against authority always aroused his sympathy； and in his
support he never paid the slightest attention to personal risk。 His influence；
undoubtedly very great； arose chiefly through the influence of his
personality upon important individuals。 His writings differ from Marx's as
much as his life does； and in a similar way。 They are chaotic； largely；
aroused by some passing occasion； abstract and metaphysical； except
when they deal with current politics。 He does not come to close quarters
with economic facts； but dwells usually in the regions of theory and
metaphysics。 When he descends from these regions； he is much more at
the mercy of current international politics than Marx； much less imbued
with the consequences of the belief that it is economic causes that are
fundamental。 He praised Marx for enunciating this doctrine；＇15＇ but
nevertheless continued to think in terms of nations。 His longest work；
‘‘L'Empire Knouto…Germanique et la Revolution Sociale；'' is mainly
concerned with the situation in France during the later stages of the
Franco…Prussian War； and with the means of resisting German imperialism。
Most of his writing was done in a hurry in the interval between two
insurrections。 There is something of Anarchism in his lack of literary order。
His best…known work is a fragment entitled by its editors ‘‘God and the
State。''＇16＇
In this work he represents belief in God and belief in the State as the
two great obstacles to human liberty。 A typical passage will serve to
illustrate its style。
＇15＇ ‘‘Marx； as a thinker； is on the right road。 He has established as a
principle that all the evolutions； political； religious； and juridical； in
history are； not the causes； but the effects of economic evolutions。 This is
a great and fruitful thought； which he has not absolutely invented； it has
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been glimpsed； expressed in part； by many others besides him； but in any
case to him belongs the honor of having solidly established it and of
having enunciated it as the basis of his whole economic system。 （1870； ib。
ii。 p。 xiii。）
＇16＇ This title is not Bakunin's； but was invented by Cafiero and Elisee
Reclus； who edited it； not knowing that it was a fragment of what was
intended to he the second version of ‘‘L'Empire Knouto…Germanique'' （see
ib。 ii。 p 283）。
The State is not society