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al correctness of details of their arguments； as to which he had the better of them； having fortified himself with voluminous documents； and elaborately proved the inaccuracy of their statements； and elaborately proved the inaccuracy of their statements； which gave him a brilliant opportunity to indulge in a burst of indignation and in his wrath at the errors of his adversaries' neglect； the awkward moral question which； was the core of the controversy。 He intimated that Chase and Sumner had obtained their seats in the Senate by questionable compromises。 Chase hotly branded the statement as false。 Sumner contemptuously denied that he had even sought the position； much less bargained for it。 The speech was closed with an earnest appeal to the Senators to banish the subject of slavery forever and refer it to the people to decide for themselves as they did other questions； with assurance that this would result in a satisfactory settlement of the vexed problem and bring abiding peace to all。 As the day was dawning he closed。
With difficulty the presiding officer had repressed the bursts of applause in the crowded galleries。 Even Seward； moved to admiration by the overwhelming power and marvelous skill of his adversary； impulsively cried out； 〃I never had so much respect for him as I have to…night。〃
Amid the solemn hush of anxious expectancy the crowd awaited the calling of the roll。 While no one doubted the result； all listened in breathless silence to the voting of the Senators as though it were the voice of doom。 Fourteen voted no； and were thirty…seven voted yes。 The Senate adjourned amid the loud booming of cannon at the Navy Yard； which celebrated the great victory。 In the chill gray dawn； as they stood on the steps of the Capitol and listened to the exultant booming of cannon； Chase said to Sumner：
〃They celebrate a present victory； but the echoes they awake will never rest until slavery itself shall die。〃
The bill now went to the House； where its management was entrusted to Douglas' lieutenant； Richardson； chairman of the Territorial Committee。 But the country was aroused。 The loud storm appalled the Northern Members； whose votes were needed。 Pierce hesitated until goaded on by his Southern counselors。 The attempt to refer the bill to the Territorial Committee failed。 It was referred to the Committee of the Whole and went to the foot of a long calendar。 This alarmed Douglas； who now spent most of his time in the House assisting Richardson。 The Administration brought all of its power to bear on the refractory Members； and on the 8th of May the forces were ready for the attack。 The House resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole； laid aside all previous business and proceeded to the consideration of the bill。 The struggle at once began between the domineering majority and the rebellious minority and continued with increasing bitterness all day； all night and until midnight of the 9th； when the session broke up in angry riot； the enraged members leaping on their desks and shrieking in frenzy or striving to assault each other with deadly weapons。
All were exhausted by the long； sleepless strain； and many were drunk。 Douglas was on the floor during most of the session； passing about swiftly among his followers and directing their movements； the master…spirit who guided the storm of his own raising。 At midnight the House； now a mere bedlam； adjourned。
The struggle dragged along from day to day； the minority stubbornly contesting every inch； and the majority； under the personal direction of Douglas； hesitating to use their power。 At last； on May 22nd； at nearly midnight； the final vote was forced and the bill passed by a majority of thirteen。 Among those voting against it was Thomas H。 Benton of Missouri； now a Member of the House； after his thirty years' service in the Senate。 His terse characterization is more generally remembered than anything else said against it。 Speaking with a statesman's contempt of the explanatory clause； he said it was 〃a little stump speech injected in the belly of the bill。〃
Chapter VII。 The Brewing Storm。
The powerful will and effective energy of the young Senator had achieved a legislative revolution。 Perhaps； like Geethe's apprentice； he had called into action powers of mischief which he would not be able to control。 With the instincts of the politician he had sought to devise a fundamental principle to meet a passing exigency。 He had cooked his breakfast over the volcano。
The whole doctrine of popular sovereignty which became thenceforth the central article in his creed did such violence both to law and philosophy as to discredit the acumen of any statesman who seriously believed it。 It was a short lived doctrine； speedily repudiated with disgust by the South； in whose interest it had been invented； and rejected as a legal heresy by a Supreme Court of learned advocates of slavery。 It is hardly possible that Douglas believed that Congress could delegate its highest duties and responsibilities to a handful of chance squatters on the frontier。 This doctrine； to the establishment of which he devoted a great part of the remaining energies of his life； 〃meant that Congress； which represented the political wisdom of an educated people； should abdicate its constitutional right of deciding a question which demanded the most sagacious statesmanship in favor of a thousand； or perhaps ten thousand； pioneers； adventurers and fortune seekers； who should happen to locate in the Territory。〃
The proposition to give the squatters actual sovereignty in all things was an evident reducto ad absurdium。 And yet it was the inevitable result of Douglas' reasoning。 The only excuse for the existence of territorial governments was that the inhabitants were not yet ready for the duties of self…government。 Squatter sovereignty rested on the assumption that there was no such period of immaturity； and hence no period in which territorial governments were justified。 The clear logic of the doctrine would entitle the first band of squatters on the public domain to organize a State。 But it was a superficially plausible proposition that appealed with peculiar power to the uncritical popular prejudice。 The equality of men and the right of self government were the central truths of the American polity。 The sentimental devotion to these two principles was passionate and universal。 A dogma that seemed to embody them was a rare invention； the supreme feat of the highest order of practical political genius。
But the omens were not good。 People seemed absurdly in earnest about this harmless political maneuver。 Throughout the North rose a storm of vehement protest； not merely from Abolitionists and Whigs but from insurgent Democrats； which resulted in the consolidation of the incoherent anti…slavery factions into the Republican party and its early conquest of the Democratic States of the Northwest。 It developed later that the Northern Democracy was hopelessly ruined by this political masterpiece of the greatest Northern Democrat。
Lincoln； who had been quietly maturing in modest retirement； was roused by this shock and began that memorable battle with Douglas； which finally lifted the obscure lawyer to heights above the great Senator。 A resolution endorsing the Nebraska bill was pushed through the Illinois legislature with difficulty； several of the ablest Democrats denouncing it bitterly。 Other Northern legislatures either protested against it or remained ominously silent。 Throughout the North pulpit and press thundered against the repeal with startling disregard of party affiliations。 Three thousand New England clergymen sent a petition protesting against it 〃in the name of Almighty God。〃 The clergy of New York denounced it。 The ministers of Chicago and the Northwest sent to Douglas a remonstrance with a request that he present it； which he did。 He was deeply hurt by the angry protests from the moral guides of the people。 He denounced the preachers for their ignorant meddling in political affairs； and declared with great warmth that they had desecrated the pulpit and prostituted the sacred desk to the miserable and corrupting influence of party poli