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d the pulpit and prostituted the sacred desk to the miserable and corrupting influence of party politics。 He afterwards said in bitter jest； 〃on my return home I traveled from Boston to Chicago in the light of fires in which my own effigies were burning。〃
Congress adjourned early in August； but he lingered in the East and not until late in the month did he return to meet his constituents。 The intensity of popular indignation at the North was a disagreeable surprise to him。 In Chicago the sentiment was openly and overwhelmingly against him。 It was dangerous； now that he had fought his way up to the head of his party and seemed assured of the coveted nomination； to permit himself to be discredited at home。
Four years before he had conquered the hostile city by a speech； and he resolved again to subdue its insurgent spirit。 Meetings of disgusted Democrats and indignant Whigs had been held to denounce him。 He had been burned in effigy on the streets。 He had been charged with loitering in the East afraid to meet the people whom he had betrayed。 The changes were rung on the fact that his middle name was that of the traitor； Benedict Arnold。 When he entered the city the flags on building and vessels were hanging mournfully at half…mast。 At sunset the bells were tolled solemnly。 It was truly a funereal reception。 Arrangements were made for him to address the people on the night of September 1st in vindication of himself。 The meeting was held in the large open space in front of North Market Hall。 The crowd was enormous and ominously sullen。 The roofs； windows and balconies of all adjacent buildings were occupied。 There was not a cheer； except from a little band of friends in front of him； as at nearly eight o'clock he rose to speak。
The memorable scene which followed illustrates how small is the interval that separates the most advanced civilization from the grossest barbarism。 He began his speech； but was soon interrupted by a storm of hisses and groans； growing louder and louder until it seemed that the whole enormous throng was pouring out its execration in a mingled hiss and groan。 He waited with defiant calmness for the storm to subside and again attempted to speak。 He told them with manifest vexation that he had returned home to address his constituents and defend his course and that he intended to be heard。 Again he was interrupted by the overwhelming hiss； mingled with groans and coarse insults。 His friends fiercely threatened to resent the outrage； but he prudently restrained them。 He then began to shout defiance and rebukes at the mob。 His combative temper was stirred。 He shook his head and brandished his fists at the jeering crowd。 His friends importuned him to desist； but he pushed them aside and again and again returned to the attack with stentorian tones and vehement gestures； striving to outvoice the wild tumult and compel an audience。
But they were as resolute as he and persistently drowned his shouting。 This continued nearly three hours。 At half…past ten； baffled； mortified and angry； he withdrew。 One admiring biographer declares that he yelled to the mob as a parting valediction； 〃Abolitionists of Chicago； it is now Sunday morning。 I will go to church while you go to the devil in your own way。〃 The irrepressible conflict was approaching the muscular stage of its development； when the aroused passions of the people must find some other vent than words； when the game of politics could no longer be safely played with the strongest emotions of a deeply moral race。
It was not possible to treat the matter lightly。 Evidently a tide of fanatical passion had set against him； not only in the old North； but in the new Northwest； the field of his undisputed mastery。 It was necessary to bestir himself in earnest and turn back this rising flood which threatened to engulf him just as he came in sight of his goal。 The symptoms were decidedly bad。 The elections thus far held indicated a surprising revolt against his new Democratic gospel of popular sovereignty。 As the autumn advanced the omens grew worse。 New Hampshire and Connecticut had already manifested their disapproval。 Iowa； hitherto staunchly Democratic； was carried by the Whigs。 The later New England elections showed the most amazing Democratic defection。 Pennsylvania elected to Congress twenty…one pronounced opponents of popular sovereignty and slavery extension。 Ohio and Indiana had both cast their votes for Pierce。 But at this election Ohio rejected the revised Democratic platform by 75；00 and Indiana by 13；000。
After his rebuff in Chicago he plunged into the Illinois campaign； which was fought on the Kansas…Nebraska issue。 In the northern part of the State his receptions were chilly and his audiences unfriendly； sometime indulging in boisterous demonstrations of hostility。 〃Burning effigies； effigies suspended by robes； banners with all the vulgar mottoes and inscriptions that passion and prejudice could suggest； were displayed at various points。 Whenever he attempted to speak； the noisy demonstrations which had proved so successful in Chicago were repeated。〃
But as he moved southward the people became more cordial。 The great center of political activity was Springfield； where the State Fair； lasting through the first week of October； attracted thousands of people； and the politicians assembled to make speeches and plan campaigns。 He spoke on October 3rd at the State House。 The most important matter pending was the choice of the legislature which should elect a Senator to succeed his colleague Shields； who was a candidate for reelection。 The opposition was a heterogeneous compound of Whigs； anti…Nebraska Democrats and all other political elements opposed to the revised Democratic creed。 The leading candidates of this fusion party for Senator were Lyman Trumbull； a Democrat opposed to the new program of slavery extension； and Abraham Lincoln； the recognized leader of the Whig party of the State。 It was expected that Lincoln would answer Douglas on the following day。
This political tourney held in the little Western Capital was in many ways a rather notable event。 The great question of human slavery had now definitely passed from the region of mere moral disquisition into that of active statesmanship。 It had become the decisive practical problem of the time； the attempt to solve which was revolutionizing party politics and sweeping away the political philosophy of the past。 The opinions of men on this question were determining their associations and directing their conduct； regardless of minor matters； which are now forgotten。 The South was united for the support and extension of slavery。 The North was tending to unity in the resolve to prevent its further spread。 Already the new generation of Southern statesmen were plotting to divide the Union and were bent on extending the slave holding States across the continent； believing that when the separation occurred； California would join the Southern Confederation and thus give them a Republic extending from ocean to ocean and controlling the mouth of the Mississippi。
The first step in this plan had already been taken by opening to slavery the Territory of Kansas； which then contained a large part of Colorado。 The remaining task of pushing their western border on to the Pacific seemed comparatively easy。 Already treason was festering in the heart of the South； but Douglas； now the most powerful ally of these plotting traitors； was entirely devoted to the Union。 He neither felt nor thought deeply on any question。 The symptoms of coming revolution were merely disclosures of political strategy to him。 The South held out the bait of the Presidency； and he led its battle。 In his attachment to the Union and his subordination of both morals and statecraft to its preservation as the supreme end； he was a faithful echo of the great statesmen of the preceding age。 But a generation of statesmen had appeared in the North with a large and growing following who were reluctantly reaching the conclusion that the primary rights of man were even more sacred than the Union。 Political expediency was not their ultimate test of right。
Lincoln； though yet comparatively obscu