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牛津实用英语语法-第16章

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2 some可以有下列各种用法:
与肯定动词连用:
They bought some honey.
他们买了些蜂蜜。
用于可预料答语为“是”的问句中:
Did some of you sleep on the floor?
你们有人睡在了地板上吗?(我想会是这样。)
用于表示建议及要求的句子中:
Would you like some wine?
你想喝点葡萄酒吗?
Could you do some typing for me?
你能给我用打点字吗?
(另参见C。)
3 any用于以下情况:
用于否定句中:
I haven’t any matches.
我没有火柴。
与hardly,barely,scarcely连用(这些词的含义几乎是否定的):
I have hardly any spare time.
我简直没有空闲时间。
在without any…(=with no…)结构中,与without连用。
He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/with no difficulty.
他毫无困难地越过了边界。
用于除上文所述之外的疑问句中:
Have you got any money?
你有钱吗?
Did he catch any fish?
他抓到鱼了吗?
用在if/whether之后以及表示怀疑的说法中:
If you need any more money,please let me know.
如果你还需要钱,就告诉我。
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank.
我想油箱里没有汽油了。
(参见下面C。)
B no(形容词)和none(代词)
no和none可以与肯定动词连用,表示否定:
I have no apples.I had some last year but I have none this year.
我没有苹果。去年我有一些,但今年我一个也没有了。
no+名词可以作主语:
No work was done.
没有干什么活儿。
No letter(s) arrived.
一封信也没来。
none可以作主语,但不常见:
We expected letters,but none came.
我们在等信,可是一封也没来。
none+of作主语的情况较为常见:
None of the tourists wanted to climb the mountain.
没有一个游客想爬山。
C some和any与可数名词的单数形式连用
some可以用来表示“一个未指明的或未知的”人或物:
Some idiot parked his car outside my garage.
有一个蠢货把车子停在我的车库外面了。
·some+名词后面加上or other表示强调说话人不太感兴趣:
He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine;he has some remedy or otherof his own.
他不相信传统医术;他自己有治疗方法。
any可以表示“差不多每一个”、“不一定是哪个”。
Any book about riding will tell you how to saddle a horse.
任何有关骑术的书都会告诉你怎样装马鞍。
Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words.
只要是本词典,就会给出这些词的词义。




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51 someone,somebody,something,anyone,
anybody,anything,noone,nobody,nothing

A 用some,any和no构成的复合词都遵循上文所述规则:
Someone wants to speak to you on the phone.
有你的电话。
Someone/Somebody gave me a ticket for the pop concert.
有人给了我一张流行歌曲音乐会的门票。
No one/Nobody has ever given me a free ticket for anything.
从来没有人给过我免费的什么票。
Do you want anything from the chemist’s?
你需要在药店里买什么东西吗?
Would anyone/anybody like a drink?
谁想喝一杯吗?
注意:
I drink anything.
我喝什么都行。相当于:
I don’t mind what I drink.
我不挑喝什么。
Anyone will tell you where the house is.
谁都会告诉你那所房子在哪儿。(参见第50节C。)
B someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,no one,nobody可以有所有格形式:
Someone’s passport has been stolen.
有人的护照被偷了。
Is this somebody’s/anybody’s seat?
这座位有人坐吗?
I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.
我不想浪费任何人的时间。
C 代词和所有格形容词与someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,no one,nobody,everyone,everybody连用
所有这些词语都具有单数的含义,因此要用单数动词。因此,指代这些词的人称代词和所有格形容词按道理说也应是he/she,him/her,his/her,但在口语中复数形式更为普遍:
Has anyone left their luggage on the train?
有谁把行李丢在火车上了吗?
No one saw Tom go out,did they?
没有人看见汤姆出去,对吗?
但在指something,anything,nothing时仍然用it:
Something went wrong,didn’t it?
有什么地方出毛病了,是吗?




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52 else位于someone/anybody/nothing等之后

A someone/somebody/something,anyone/anydy/anything,noone/nobody/nothing,everyone/everybody/everything以及副词somewhere,anywhere,nowhere,everywhere后面都可跟else:someone else/somebody else=some other person别的什么人
anyone else/anybody else=any other person任何别的人
no one else/nobody else=no other person没有他人
everyone else/everybody else=every other person其他所有的人something else=some other thing别的什么东西
例句如:
—I’m afraid I can’t help you.You’ll have to ask someone else.
—There isn’t anyone else./There’s no one else to ask.
—恐怕我帮不了你的忙,你得另找别人。
—没有别的什么人。/没有别人可找了。
else与副词连用:
somewhere else=in/at/to some other place在/到另外一个地方
anywhere else=in/at to any other place在/到别的什么地方
nowhere else=in/at/to no other place没在/没到别的地方
Are you going anywhere else?
你还要到别的地方去吗?
B someone/somebody,anyone/anybody,no one/nobody+else都可以有所有格形式:
I took someone else’s coat.
我拿了别人的上衣。
Was anyone else’s luggage opened?
还有别的什么人的行李给打开了吗?
No one else’s luggage was opened.
没有别的人的行李被打开了。




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53 another,other,others与one和some连用

A another,other,others
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—Have you met Bill’s sisters?
—I’ve met one.I didn’t know he had another(sister).
—Oh,he has two others/two other sisters.
—你见过比尔的姐妹了吗?
—我只见过一个。我不知道他还有一个(姐妹)。
—哦,他还有两个呢。
B one… another/other(s),some…other(s)
One student suggested a play,another(student)/other student/otherswanted a concert.
一个学生建议演话剧,另一个学生/其他学生/其他人希望开音乐会。
Some tourists/Some of the tourists went on the beach;others exploredthe town.
有些游客/游客中的一些人到海滩去了;其他人则到市里逛去了。
C one another,each other
Tom and Ann looked at each other.相当于:
Tom looked at Ann and Ann looked at Tom.
汤姆和安互相注视着。
one another和each other都可用于涉及两个或多个人或事物
的场合,但eachother常常用于涉及多个人或事物的场合。




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第六章?疑问词wh…?和how??




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54 疑问形容词及疑问代词

用于人:主格牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?who(代词)
宾格 whom,牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋?who(代词)
所有格牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 whose(代词,形容词)
用于物:主格/宾格牋牋 what(代词,形容词)
用于选择范围有限的人或物:主格/宾格which(代词,形容词)
上述这些疑问形容词和疑问代词的单、复数形式都是相同的。
what也可以用于指人。(参见第58节D。)




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55 who,whose等用做主语时后接肯定动词

who,whose,which,what作主语时,通常接一个肯定动词而不是疑问动词:
Who pays the bills?
谁付帐?(肯定动词)
Whose/Which horse won?
谁的/哪匹马赢了?(肯定动词)
What happened?/What went wrong?
出了什么事?/出了什么毛病?(肯定动词,可能的回答如We missedthe train/had an accident。)
但who,whose等后跟be+名词或人称代词时,要用疑问动词:
Who are you?
你是谁?
Whose is this?
这是谁的?
What is that noise?
那噪音是怎么回事?
who,whose等作动词或介词的宾语时,整句当然需要用疑问动词。




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56 who,whom,whose,winch和what的用法举例

A who,whom,whose
who作主语:
Who keeps the keys?
谁保管那些钥匙?(肯定动词)
Who took my gun?
谁拿了我的枪?(肯定动词)
Who are these boys?
这些男孩是谁?(疑问动词)
who,whom作动词宾语:
常用英语:
Who did you see?
你见到谁了?
很正式的英语:
Whom did the mittee appoint?
委员会指定了谁?
whose作主语或主语的一部分:
Whose car broke down?
谁的车子发生了故障?(肯定动词)
Whose(books)are these?
这些(书)是谁的?(疑问动词)
whose作动词宾语或主语的一部分:
Whose umbrella did you borrow?
你借了谁的雨伞?
B which
Which作主语或主语的一部分:
Which pigeon arrived first?
哪一只鸽子先到达的?(肯定动词)
Which of them is the eldest?
他们中谁的年龄最大?(肯定动词)
which作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:
Which hand do you use?
你用哪一只手?
Which of these dates would you prefer?
这几个日期你喜欢哪一个?
C what
what作主语或主语的一部分:
What caused the explosion?
是什么引起爆炸的?(肯定动词)
What kind of tree is that?
那是哪种树?(肯定动词)
what作动词宾语或宾语的一部分:
What paper do you read?
你经常看什么报纸?
What did they eat?
他们吃了什么?




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57 who,whom,which和what作介词宾语

A who,whom
在正规英语中我们用介词+whom结构:
With whom did you go?
你和谁一起去的?
To whom wer
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