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to whom his personal presence shall be unknown。 Mighty are the struggles； everlasting the efforts。 The greater part of these we well know are in vain。 It is Aesop's mountain in labour： 〃Dire was the tossing； deep the groans：〃 and the result is a mouse。 But is it always so？
This brings us back to the question： 〃Is there indeed nothing new under the sun？〃
Most certainly there is something that is new。 If； as the beast dies； so died man； then indeed we should be without hope。 But it is his distinguishing faculty； that he can leave something behind； to testify that he has lived。 And this is not only true of the pyramids of Egypt； and certain other works of human industry； that time seems to have no force to destroy。 It is often true of a single sentence； a single word； which the multitudinous sea is incapable of washing away：
Quod non imber edax； non Aquilo impotens Possit diruere； aut innumerabilis Annorum series； et fuga temporum。
It is the characteristic of the mind and the heart of man； that they are progressive。 One word； happily interposed； reaching to the inmost soul； may 〃take away the heart of stone； and introduce a heart of flesh。〃 And； if an individual may be thus changed； then his children； and his connections； to the latest page of unborn history。
This is the true glory of man； that 〃one generation doth not pass away； and another come； velut unda supervenit undam； but that we leave our improvements behind us。 What infinite ages of refinement on refinement； and ingenuity on ingenuity； seem each to have contributed its quota； to make up the accommodations of every day of civilised man； his table； his chair； the bed he lies on； the food he eats； the garments that cover him！ It has often been said； that the four quarters of the world are put under contribution； to provide the most moderate table。 To this what mills； what looms； what machinery of a thousand denominations； what ship…building； what navigation； what fleets are required！ Man seems to have been sent into the world a naked； forked； helpless animal； on purpose to call forth his ingenuity to supply the accommodations that may conduce to his well…being。 The saying； that 〃there is nothing new under the sun；〃 could never have been struck out； but in one of the two extreme states of man； by the naked savage； or by the highly civilised beings among whom the perfection of refinement has produced an artificial feeling of uniformity。
The thing most obviously calculated to impress us with a sense of the power； and the comparative sublimity of man； is； if we could make a voyage of some duration in a balloon； over a considerable tract of the cultivated and the desert parts of the earth。 A brute can scarcely move a stone out of his way； if it has fallen upon the couch where he would repose。 But man cultivates fields； and plants gardens； he constructs parks and canals； he turns the course of rivers； and stretches vast artificial moles into the sea； he levels mountains； and builds a bridge； joining in giddy height one segment of the Alps to another； lastly； he founds castles； and churches； and towers； and distributes mighty cities at his pleasure over the face of the globe。 〃The first earth has passed away； and another earth has come； and all things are made new。〃
It is true； that the basest treacheries； the most atrocious cruelties； butcheries； massacres； violations of all the restraints of decency； and all the ties of nature； fields covered with dead bodies； and flooded with human gore； are all of them vulgar repetitions of what had been acted countless times already。 If Nero or Caligula thought to perpetrate that which should stand unparalleled； they fell into the grossest error。 The conqueror； who should lay waste vast portions of the globe； and destroy mighty cities； so that 〃thorns should come up in the palaces； and nettles in the fortresses thereof； and they should be a habitation of serpents； and a court for owls； and the wild beasts of the desert should meet there；〃 would only do what Tamerlane； and Aurengzebe； and Zingis； and a hundred other conquerors； in every age and quarter of the world； had done before。 The splendour of triumphs； and the magnificence of courts； are so essentially vulgar； that history almost disdains to record them。
And yet there is something that is new； and that by the reader of discernment is immediately felt to be so。
We read of Moses； that he was a child of ordinary birth； and； when he was born； was presently marked； as well as all the male children of his race； for destruction。 He was unexpectedly preserved； and his first act； when he grew up； was to slay an Egyptian； one of the race to whom all his countrymen were slaves； and to fly into exile。 This man； thus friendless and alone； in due time returned； and by the mere energy of his character prevailed upon his whole race to make common cause with him； and to migrate to a region； in which they should become sovereign and independent。 He had no soldiers； but what were made so by the ascendancy of his spirit no counsellors but such as he taught to be wise； no friends but those who were moved by the sentiment they caught from him。 The Jews he commanded were sordid and low of disposition； perpetually murmuring against his rule； and at every unfavourable accident calling to remembrance 〃the land of Egypt； where they had sat by the fleshpots； and were full。〃 Yet over this race he retained a constant mastery； and finally made of them a nation whose customs and habits and ways of thinking no time has availed to destroy。 This was a man then； that possessed the true secret to make other men his creatures； and lead them with an irresistible power wherever he pleased。 This history； taken entire； has probably no parallel in the annals of the world。
The invasion of Greece by the Persians； and its result； seem to constitute an event that stands alone among men。 Xerxes led against this little territory an army of 5；280；000 men。 They drank up rivers； and cut their way through giant…mountains。 They were first stopped at Thermopylae by Leonidas and his three hundred Spartans。 They fought for a country too narrow to contain the army by which the question was to be tried。 The contest was here to be decided between despotism and liberty； whether there is a principle in man； by which a handful of individuals； pervaded with lofty sentiments； and a conviction of what is of most worth in our nature； can defy the brute force； and put to flight the attack； of bones； joints and sinews； though congregated in multitudes； numberless as the waves of the sea； or the sands on its shore。 The flood finally rolled back： and in process of time Alexander； with these Greeks whom the ignorance of the East affected to despise； founded another universal monarchy on the ruins of Persia。 This is certainly no vulgar history。
Christianity is another of those memorable chapters in the annals of mankind； to which there is probably no second。 The son of a carpenter in a little； rocky country； among a nation despised and enslaved； undertook to reform the manners of the people of whom he was a citizen。 The reformation he preached was unpalatable to the leaders of the state； he was persecuted； and finally suffered the death reserved for the lowest malefactors； being nailed to a cross。 He was cut off in the very beginning of his career； before he had time to form a sect。 His immediate representatives and successors were tax…gatherers and fishermen。 What could be more incredible； till proved by the event； than that a religion thus begun； should have embraced in a manner the whole civilised world； and that of its kingdom there should be no visible end？ This is a novelty in the history of the world； equally if we consider it as brought about by the immediate interposition of the author of all things； or regard it； as some pretend to do； as happening in the course of mere human events。
Rome； 〃the eternal city；〃 is likewise a subject that stands out from the vulgar history of the human race。 Three times； in three successive forms； has she been the mistress of the world。 First； by the purity； the simplicity； the single…heartedness； the fervour and perseverance