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ooks of amusement merely； or are employed in witnessing public shews and exhibitions。
That portion of every day of our existence which is occupied by us with a mind attentive and on the alert； I would call life in a transcendant sense。 The rest is scarcely better than a state of vegetation。
And yet not so either。 The happiest and most valuable thoughts of the human mind will sometimes come when they are least sought for； and we least anticipated any such thing。 In reading a romance； in witnessing a performance at a theatre； in our idlest and most sportive moods； a vein in the soil of intellect will sometimes unexpectedly be broken up； 〃richer than all the tribe〃 of contemporaneous thoughts； that shall raise him to whom it occurs； to a rank among his species altogether different from any thing he had looked for。 Newton was led to the doctrine of gravitation by the fall of an apple； as he indolently reclined under the tree on which it grew。 〃A verse may find him； who a sermon flies。〃 Polemon； when intoxicated； entered the school of Xenocrates； and was so struck with the energy displayed by the master； and the thoughts he delivered； that from that moment he renounced the life of dissipation he had previously led； and applied himself entirely to the study of philosophy。 But these instances are comparatively of rare occurrence； and do not require to be taken into the account。
It is still true therefore for the most part； that not more than eight hours in the day are passed by the wisest and most energetic； with a mind attentive and on the alert。 The remainder is a period of vegetation only。 In the mean time we have all of us undoubtedly to a certain degree the power of enlarging the extent of the period of transcendant life in each day of our healthful existence； and causing it to encroach upon the period either of mental indolence or of sleep。With the greater part of the human species the whole of their lives while awake； with the exception of a few brief and insulated intervals； is spent in a passive state of the intellectual powers。 Thoughts come and go； as chance； or some undefined power in nature may direct； uninterfered with by the sovereign will； the steersman of the mind。 And often the understanding appears to be a blank； upon which if any impressions are then made； they are like figures drawn in the sand which the next tide obliterates； or are even lighter and more evanescent than this。
Let me add； that the existence of the child for two or three years from the period of his birth； is almost entirely a state of vegetation。 The impressions that are made upon his sensorium come and go； without either their advent or departure being anticipated； and without the interference of the will。 It is only under some express excitement； that the faculty of will mounts its throne； and exercises its empire。 When the child smiles； that act is involuntary； but； when he cries； will presently comes to mix itself with the phenomenon。 Wilfulness； impatience and rebellion are infallible symptoms of a mind on the alert。 And； as the child in the first stages of its existence puts forth the faculty of will only at intervals； so for a similar reason this period is but rarely accompanied with memory； or leaves any traces of recollection for our after…life。
There are other memorable states of the intellectual powers； which if I did not mention； the survey here taken would seem to be glaringly imperfect。 The first of these is madness。 In this humiliating condition of our nature the sovereignty of reason is deposed：
Chaos umpire sits； And by decision more embroils the fray。
The mind is in a state of turbulence and tempest in one instant； and in another subsides into the deepest imbecility； and； even when the will is occasionally roused； the link which preserved its union with good sense and sobriety is dissolved； and the views by which it has the appearance of being regulated； are all based in misconstruction and delusion。
Next to madness occur the different stages of spleen； dejection and listlessness。 The essence of these lies in the passiveness and neutrality of the intellectual powers。 In as far as the unhappy sufferer could be roused to act； the disease would be essentially diminished； and might finally be expelled。 But long days and months are spent by the patient in the midst of all harassing imaginations； and an everlasting nightmare seems to sit on the soul； and lock up its powers in interminable inactivity。 Almost the only interruption to this； is when the demands of nature require our attention； or we pay a slight and uncertain attention to the decencies of cleanliness and attire。
In all these considerations then we find abundant occasion to humble the pride and vain…glory of man。 But they do not overturn the principles delivered in the preceding Essay respecting the duration of human life； though they certainly interpose additional boundaries to limit the prospects of individual improvement。
ESSAY IX。 OF LEISURE。
The river of human life is divided into two streams； occupation and leisureor； to express the thing more accurately； that occupation； which is prescribed； and may be called the business of life； and that occupation； which arises contingently； and not so much of absolute and set purpose； not being prescribed： such being the more exact description of these two divisions of human life； inasmuch as the latter is often not less earnest and intent in its pursuits than the former。
It would be a curious question to ascertain which of these is of the highest value。
To this enquiry I hear myself loudly and vehemently answered from all hands in favour of the first。 〃This；〃 I am told by unanimous acclamation； 〃is the business of life。〃
The decision in favour of what we primarily called occupation； above what we called leisure； may in a mitigated sense be entertained as true。 Man can live with little or no leisure； for millions of human beings do so live： but the species to which we belong； and of consequence the individuals of that species； cannot exist as they ought to exist； without occupation。
Granting however the paramount claims that occupation has to our regard； let us endeavour to arrive at a just estimate of the value of leisure。
It has been said by some one； with great appearance of truth； that schoolboys learn as much； perhaps more； of beneficial knowledge in their hours of play； as in their hours of study。
The wisdom of ages has been applied to ascertain what are the most desirable topics for the study of the schoolboy。 They are selected for the most part by the parent。 There are few parents that do not feel a sincere and disinterested desire for the welfare of their children。 It is an unquestionable maxim； that we are the best judges of that of which we have ourselves had experience； and all parents have been children。 It is therefore idle and ridiculous to suppose that those studies which have for centuries been chosen by the enlightened mature for the occupation of the young； have not for the most part been well chosen。 Of these studies the earliest consist in the arts of reading and writing。 Next follows arithmetic； with perhaps some rudiments of algebra and geometry。 Afterward comes in due order the acquisition of languages； particularly the dead languages； a most fortunate occupation for those years of man； in which the memory is most retentive； and the reasoning powers have yet acquired neither solidity nor enlargement。 Such are the occupations of the schoolboy in his prescribed hours of study。
But the schoolboy is cooped up in an apartment； it may be with a number of his fellows。 He is seated at a desk； diligently conning the portion of learning that is doled out to him； or； when he has mastered his lesson； reciting it with anxious brow and unassured lips to the senior； who is to correct his errors； and pronounce upon the sufficiency of his industry。 All this may be well： but it is a new and more exhilarating spectacle that presents itself to our observation； when he is dismissed from his temporary labours； and rushes impetuously out to the open air； and gives free scope to his limbs and his voice； and is no