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calling some of its favorite modes of treatment； and the abundant mirth he extracted from them。
These Galenists were what we should call 〃herb…doctors〃 to…day。 Their insignificant infusions lost credit after a time； their absurdly complicated mixtures excited contempt； and their nauseous prescriptions provoked loathing and disgust。 A simpler and bolder practice found welcome in Germany； depending chiefly on mineral remedies； mercury； antimony； sulphur； arsenic； and the use； sometimes the secret use； of opium。 Whatever we think of Paracelsus； the chief agent in the introduction of these remedies； and whatever limits we may assign to the use of these long…trusted mineral drugs； there can be no doubt that the chemical school； as it was called； did a great deal towards the expurgation of the old； overloaded； and repulsive pharmacopoeia。 We shall find evidence in the practice of our New… England physicians of the first century； that they often employed chemical remedies； and that； by the early part of the following century； their chief trust was in the few simple； potent drugs of Paracelsus。
We have seen that many of the practitioners of medicine； during the first century of New England； were clergymen。 This relation between medicine and theology has existed from a very early period； from the Egyptian priest to the Indian medicine…man； the alliance has been maintained in one form or another。 The partnership was very common among our British ancestors。 Mr。 Ward； the Vicar of Stratford…on… Avon； himself a notable example of the union of the two characters； writing about 1660； says；
〃The Saxons had their blood…letters； but under the Normans physicke； begunne in England； 300 years agoe itt was not a distinct profession by itself； but practised by men in orders； witness Nicholas de Ternham； the chief English physician and Bishop of Durham； Hugh of Evesham； a physician and cardinal； Grysant； physician and pope； John Chambers； Dr。 of Physick； was the first Bishop of Peterborough； Paul Bush； a bachelor of divinitie in Oxford； was a man well read in physick as well as divinitie； he was the first bishop of Bristol。〃
〃Again in King Richard the Second's time physicians and divines were not distinct professions； for one Tydeman； Bishop of Landaph and Worcester； was physician to King Richard the Second。〃
This alliance may have had its share in creating and keeping up the many superstitions which have figured so largely in the history of medicine。 It is curious to see that a medical work left in manuscript by the Rev。 Cotton Mather and hereafter to be referred to； is running over with follies and superstitious fancies； while his contemporary and fellow…townsman； William Douglass； relied on the same few simple remedies which； through Dr。 Edward Holyoke and Dr。 James Jackson； have come down to our own time； as the most important articles of the materia medica。
Let us now take a general glance at some of the conditions of the early settlers； and first； as to the healthfulness of the climate。 The mortality of the season that followed the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth has been sufficiently accounted for。 After this； the colonists seem to have found the new country agreeing very well with their English constitutions。 Its clear air is the subject of eulogy。 Its dainty springs of sweet water are praised not only by Higginson and Wood； but even the mischievous Morton says； that for its delicate waters Canaan came not near this country。〃 There is a tendency to dilate on these simple blessings； which reminds one a little of the Marchioness in Dickens's story； with her orange…peel…and…water beverage。 Still more does one feel the warmth of coloring；such as we expect from converts to a new faith； and settlers who want to entice others over to their clearings； when Winslow speaks； in 1621； of 〃abundance of roses； white； red； and damask； single； but very sweet indeed；〃 a most of all； however； when； in the same connection； he says； 〃Here are grapes white and red； and very sweet and strong also。〃 This of our wild grape； a little vegetable Indian； which scalps a civilized man's mouth； as his animal representative scalps his cranium。 But there is something quite charming in Winslow's picture of the luxury in which they are living。 Lobsters； oysters； eels； mussels； fish and fowl； delicious fruit； including the grapes aforesaid；if they only had 〃kine； horses； and sheep；〃 he makes no question but men would live as contented here as in any part of the world。 We cannot help admiring the way in which they took their trials； and made the most of their blessings。
〃And how Content they were；〃 says Cotton Mather； 〃when an Honest Man； as I have heard； inviting his Friends to a Dish of Clams； at the Table gave Thanks to Heaven； who had given them to suck the abundance of the Seas； and of the Treasures Aid in the Sands！〃
Strangely enough； as it would seem； except for this buoyant determination to make the best of everything； they hardly appear to recognize the difference of the climate from that which they had left。 After almost three years' experience； Winslow says； he can scarce distinguish New England from Old England； in respect of heat and cold； frost； snow； rain； winds； etc。 The winter； he thinks （if there is a difference）； is sharper and longer； but yet he may be deceived by the want of the comforts he enjoyed at home。 He cannot conceive any climate to agree better with the constitution of the English； not being oppressed with extremity of heats； nor nipped by biting cold ：
〃By which means； blessed be God； we enjoy our health； notwithstanding those difficulties we have undergone； in such a measure as would have been admired； if we had lived in England with the like means。〃
Edward Johnson； after mentioning the shifts to which they were put for food； says；
〃And yet； methinks； our children are as cheerful； fat； and lusty； with feeding upon those mussels； clams； and other fish； as they were in England with their fill of bread。〃
Higginson； himself a dyspeptic； 〃continually in physic；〃 as he says； and accustomed to dress in thick clothing； and to comfort his stomach with drink that was 〃both strong and stale；〃the 〃jolly good ale and old；〃 I suppose； of free and easy Bishop Still's song；found that he both could and did oftentimes drink New England water very well； which he seems to look upon as a remarkable feat。 He could go as lightclad as any； too； with only a light stuff cassock upon his shirt； and stuff breeches without linings。 Two of his children were sickly： one；little misshapen Mary；died on the passage； and； in her father's words； 〃was the first in our ship that was buried in the bowels of the great Atlantic sea；〃 the other； who had been 〃most lamentably handled〃 by disease； recovered almost entirely 〃by the very wholesomeness of the air； altering； digesting； and drying up the cold and crude humors of the body。〃 Wherefore； he thinks it a wise course for all cold complexions to come to take physic in New England； and ends with those often quoted words； that 〃a sup of New England's air is better than a whole draught of Old England's ale。〃 Mr。 Higginson died； however； 〃of a hectic fever；〃 a little more than a year after his arrival。
The medical records which I shall cite show that the colonists were not exempt from the complaints of the Old World。 Besides the common diseases to which their descendants are subject； there were two others； to say nothing of the dreaded small…pox； which later medical science has disarmed；little known among us at the present day； but frequent among the first settlers。 The first of these was the scurvy； already mentioned； of which Winthrop speaks in 1630； saying； that it proved fatal to those who fell into discontent； and lingered after their former conditions in England； the poor homesick creatures in fact； whom we so forget in our florid pictures of the early times of the little band in the wilderness。 Many who were suffering from scurvy got well when the Lyon arrived from England； bringing store of juice of lemons。 The Governor speaks of another case in 1644； and it seems probable that the disease was not of rare occurrence。
The other complaint from which they suffered； but which