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power of England； but in order to succeed； it was necessary for
him； first of all； to take away from the Continental nations the
apprehension of being conquered by France。 He failed； because on
their part the fear of his supremacy on land greatly outweighed the
disadvantages which they suffered from the naval supremacy。
With the fall of the French Empire； the object of the great
alliance ceased。 From that time forth； the Continental powers were
menaced neither by the revolutionary tendencies nor by the lust of
conquest of France。 England's predominance in manufactures；
navigation； commerce； colonial possessions； and naval power； had；
on the other hand； enormously increased during the conflicts
against the Revolution and against the French conquest。 From that
time forth； it became the interest of the Continental powers to
ally themselves with France against the commercial and naval
predominance。 Solely from fear of the skin of the dead lion； the
Continental powers did not heed sufficiently the living leopard who
had hitherto fought in their ranks。 The Holy Alliance was a
political error。
This error also brought about its own punishment through the
revolution of Italy。 The Holy Alliance had unnecessarily called
into life a counter force which no longer existed； or which at
least would not for a long time have revived again。 Fortunately for
the Continental powers； the dynasty of July contrived to appease
the revolutionary tendency in France。 France concluded the alliance
with England in the interests of the dynasty of July and of
strengthening the constitutional monarchy。 England concluded it in
the interest of the maintenance of her commercial supremacy。
The Franco…English alliance ceased as soon as ever the dynasty
of July and the constitutional monarchy in France felt themselves
to be sufficiently firmly established； but； on the other hand； the
interests of France in respect of naval power； navigation；
commerce； industry； and foreign possessions came again more to the
front。 It is clear that France has again an equal interest with the
other Continental powers in these questions； and the establishing
of a Continental alliance against the naval predominance of England
appears to be becoming a question of the day； provided the dynasty
of July can succeed in creating perfect unity of will between the
different organs of State administration； also to thrust into the
background those territorial questions which are excited by the
revolutionary tendencies； and entirely to appease in the minds of
the monarchical Continental powers the fear of the tendencies of
France towards revolution and aggression。
Nothing； however； at this time so greatly impedes a closer
union of the continent of Europe as the fact that the centre of it
still never takes the position for which it is naturally fitted。
Instead of being a mediator between the east and the west of that
continent； on all questions of arrangement of territory； of the
principle of their constitutions； of national independence and
power； for which it is qualified by its geographical position； by
its federal constitution which excludes all apprehension of
aggression in the minds of neighbouring nations； by its religious
toleration； and its cosmopolitical tendencies； and finally by its
civilisation and the elements of power which it possesses； this
central part of Europe constitutes at present the apple of discord
for which the east and the west contend； while each party hopes to
draw to its own side this middle power； which is weakened by want
of national unity； and is always uncertainly wavering hither and
thither。
If； on the other hand； Germany could constitute itself with the
maritime territories which appertain to it； with Holland； Belgium；
and Switzerland； as a powerful commercial and political whole if
this mighty national body could fuse representative institutions
with the existing monarchical； dynastic； and aristocratic
interests； so far as these are compatible with one another then
Germany could secure peace to the continent of Europe for a long
time； and at the same time constitute herself the central point of
a durable Continental alliance。
That the naval power of England greatly exceeds that of all
other nations； if not on the number of ships； yet certainly in
fighting power that hence the nations which are less powerful at
sea can only match England at sea by uniting their own naval power；
is clear。 From hence it follows； that every nation which is less
powerful at sea has an interest in the maintenance and prosperity
of the naval power of all other nations who are similarly weak at
sea； and further； that fractions of other nations which； hitherto
divided； have possessed either no naval power whatever or only an
unimportant one； should constitute themselves into one united naval
power。 In regard to England； France and North America sustain loss
if the naval power of Russia declines； and vice vers狻！hey all
gain； if Germany； Holland； and Belgium constitute together a common
naval power； for while separated these last are mere satellites to
the supremacy of England； but if united they strengthen the
opposition to that supremacy of all nations at sea。
None of these less powerful nations possesses a mercantile
marine which exceeds the requirements of its own international
trade none of these nations possesses a manufacturing power
which would maintain important preponderance over that of the
others。 None of them； therefore； has any ground to fear the
competition of the others。 On the other hand； all have a common
interest in protecting themselves against the destructive
competition of England。 Hence it must be to the interests of all
that the predominating manufacturing power of England should lose
those means of access （Holland； Belgium； and the Hanse Towns） by
means of which England has hitherto dominated the markets of the
Continent。
Inasmuch as the products of tropical climates are chiefly paid
for by the manufactured products of temperate climates； and hence
the consumption of the former depends on the sale of the latter；
therefore every manufacturing nation should endeavour to establish
direct intercourse with tropical countries。 And thus； if all
manufacturing nations of the second rank understand their own
interests and act accordingly； no nation will be permitted to
maintain a predominant amount of colonial possessions in tropical
countries。 If； for instance； England could succeed in the object
for which she is at present striving； viz。 to produce in India the
colonial produce which she requires in that case England could
only carry on trade with the West Indies to the extent to which she
was able to sell to other countries the colonial produce which she
now obtains from the West Indies in exchange for her manufactured
goods。 If； however； she could not dispose of these to other
countries； then her West Indian possessions would become useless to
her。 She would then have no other option than either to let them go
free； or to surrender the trade with them to other manufacturing
countries。 Hence it follows that all manufacturing nations less
powerful at sea have a common interest in following this policy and
in reciprocally supporting one another in it； and it follows
further that no one of these nations would lose by the accession of
Holland to the German Commercial Union； and through the closer
connection of Germany with the Du