gorgias-第2章

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o　not　come　within　the　province　of　rhetoric。　　　Gor。　You　perfectly　conceive　my　meaning；　Socrates。　　　Soc。　But　there　are　other　arts　which　work　wholly　through　the　medium　of　language；　and　require　either　no　action　or　very　little；　as；　for　example；　the　arts　of　arithmetic；　of　calculation；　of　geometry；　and　of　playing　draughts；　in　some　of　these　speech　is　pretty　nearly　co…extensive　with　action；　but　in　most　of　them　the　verbal　element　is　greater…they　depend　wholly　on　words　for　their　efficacy　and　power：　and　I　take　your　meaning　to　be　that　rhetoric　is　an　art　of　this　latter　sort？　　　Gor。　Exactly。　　　Soc。　And　yet　I　do　not　believe　that　you　really　mean　to　call　any　of　these　arts　rhetoric；　although　the　precise　expression　which　you　used　was；　that　rhetoric　is　an　art　which　works　and　takes　effect　only　through　the　medium　of　discourse；　and　an　adversary　who　wished　to　be　captious　might　say；　〃And　so；　Gorgias；　you　call　arithmetic　rhetoric。〃　But　I　do　not　think　that　you　really　call　arithmetic　rhetoric　any　more　than　geometry　would　be　so　called　by　you。　　　Gor。　You　are　quite　right；　Socrates；　in　your　apprehension　of　my　meaning。　　　Soc。　Well；　then；　let　me　now　have　the　rest　of　my　answer：…seeing　that　rhetoric　is　one　of　those　arts　which　works　mainly　by　the　use　of　words；　and　there　are　other　arts　which　also　use　words；　tell　me　what　is　that　quality　in　words　with　which　rhetoric　is　concerned：…Suppose　that　a　person　asks　me　about　some　of　the　arts　which　I　was　mentioning　just　now；　he　might　say；　〃Socrates；　what　is　arithmetic？〃　and　I　should　reply　to　him；　as　you　replied　to　me；　that　arithmetic　is　one　of　those　arts　which　take　effect　through　words。　And　then　he　would　proceed　to　ask：　〃Words　about　what？〃　and　I　should　reply；　Words　about　and　even　numbers；　and　how　many　there　are　of　each。　And　if　he　asked　again：　〃What　is　the　art　of　calculation？〃　I　should　say；　That　also　is　one　of　the　arts　which　is　concerned　wholly　with　words。　And　if　he　further　said；　〃Concerned　with　what？〃　I　should　say；　like　the　clerks　in　the　assembly；　〃as　aforesaid〃　of　arithmetic；　but　with　a　difference；　the　difference　being　that　the　art　of　calculation　considers　not　only　the　quantities　of　odd　and　even　numbers；　but　also　their　numerical　relations　to　themselves　and　to　one　another。　And　suppose；　again；　I　were　to　say　that　astronomy　is　only　word…he　would　ask；　〃Words　about　what；　Socrates？〃　and　I　should　answer；　that　astronomy　tells　us　about　the　motions　of　the　stars　and　sun　and　moon；　and　their　relative　swiftness。　　　Gor。　You　would　be　quite　right；　Socrates。　　　Soc。　And　now　let　us　have　from　you；　Gorgias；　the　truth　about　rhetoric：　which　you　would　admit　（would　you　not？）　to　be　one　of　those　arts　which　act　always　and　fulfil　all　their　ends　through　the　medium　of　words？　　　Gor。　True。　　　Soc。　Words　which　do　what？　I　should　ask。　To　what　class　of　things　do　the　words　which　rhetoric　uses　relate？　　　Gor。　To　the　greatest；　Socrates；　and　the　best　of　human　things。　　　Soc。　That　again；　Gorgias　is　ambiguous；　I　am　still　in　the　dark：　for　which　are　the　greatest　and　best　of　human　things？　I　dare　say　that　you　have　heard　men　singing　at　feasts　the　old　drinking　song；　in　which　the　singers　enumerate　the　goods　of　life；　first　health；　beauty　next；　thirdly；　as　the　writer　of　the　song　says；　wealth　honesty　obtained。　　　Gor。　Yes；　I　know　the　song；　but　what　is　your　drift？　　　Soc。　I　mean　to　say；　that　the　producers　of　those　things　which　the　author　of　the　song　praises；　that　is　to　say；　the　physician；　the　trainer；　the　money…maker；　will　at　once　come　to　you；　and　first　the　physician　will　say：　〃O　Socrates；　Gorgias　is　deceiving　you；　for　my　art　is　concerned　with　the　greatest　good　of　men　and　not　his。〃　And　when　I　ask；　Who　are　you？　he　will　reply；　〃I　am　a　physician。〃　What　do　you　mean？　I　shall　say。　Do　you　mean　that　your　art　produces　the　greatest　good？　〃Certainly；〃　he　will　answer；　〃for　is　not　health　the　greatest　good？　What　greater　good　can　men　have；　Socrates？〃　And　after　him　the　trainer　will　come　and　say；　〃I　too；　Socrates；　shall　be　greatly　surprised　if　Gorgias　can　show　more　good　of　his　art　than　I　can　show　of　mine。〃　To　him　again　I　shall　say；　Who　are　you；　honest　friend；　and　what　is　your　business？　〃I　am　a　trainer；〃　he　will　reply；　〃and　my　business　is　to　make　men　beautiful　and　strong　in　body。〃　When　I　have　done　with　the　trainer；　there　arrives　the　money…maker；　and　he；　as　I　expect；　utterly　despise　them　all。　〃Consider　Socrates；〃　he　will　say；　〃whether　Gorgias　or　any　one…else　can　produce　any　greater　good　than　wealth。〃　Well；　you　and　I　say　to　him；　and　are　you　a　creator　of　wealth？　〃Yes；〃　he　replies。　And　who　are　you？　〃A　money…maker。〃　And　do　you　consider　wealth　to　be　the　greatest　good　of　man？　〃Of　course；〃　will　be　his　reply。　And　we　shall　rejoin：　Yes；　but　our　friend　Gorgias　contends　that　his　art　produces　a　greater　good　than　yours。　And　then　he　will　be　sure　to　go　on　and　ask；　〃What　good？　Let　Gorgias　answer。〃　Now　I　want　you；　Gorgias；　to　imagine　that　this　question　is　asked　of　you　by　them　and　by　me；　What　is　that　which；　as　you　say；　is　the　greatest　good　of　man；　and　of　which　you　are　the　creator？　Answer　us。　　　Gor。　That　good；　Socrates；　which　is　truly　the　greatest；　being　that　which　gives　to　men　freedom　in　their　own　persons；　and　to　individuals　the　power　of　ruling　over　others　in　their　several　states。　　　Soc。　And　what　would　you　consider　this　to　be？　　　Gor。　What　is　there　greater　than　the　word　which　persuades　the　judges　in　the　courts；　or　the　senators　in　the　council；　or　the　citizens　in　the　assembly；　or　at　any　other　political　meeting？…if　you　have　the　power　of　uttering　this　word；　you　will　have　the　physician　your　slave；　and　the　trainer　your　slave；　and　the　money…maker　of　whom　you　talk　will　be　found　to　gather　treasures；　not　for　himself；　but　for　you　who　are　able　to　speak　and　to　persuade　the　multitude。　　　Soc。　Now　I　think；　Gorgias；　that　you　have　very　accurately　explained　what　you　conceive　to　be　the　art　of　rhetoric；　and　you　mean　to　say；　if　I　am　not　mistaken；　that　rhetoric　is　the　artificer　of　persuasion；　having　this　and　no　other　business；　and　that　this　is　her　crown　and　end。　Do　you　know　any　other　effect　of　rhetoric　over　and　above　that　of　producing　persuasion？　　　Gor。　No：　the　definition　seems　to　me　very　fair；　Socrates；　for　persuasion　is　the　chief　end　of　rhetoric。　　　Soc。　Then　hear　me；　Gorgias；　for　I　am　quite　sure　that　if　there　ever　was　a　man　who…entered　on　the　discussion　of　a　matter　from　a　pure　love　of　knowing　the　truth；　I　am　such　a　one；　and　I　should　say　the　same　of　you。　　　Gor。　What　is　coming；　Socrates？　　　Soc。　I　will　tell　you：　I　am　very　well　aware　that　do　not　know　what；　according　to　you；　is　the　exact　nature；　or　what　are　the　topics　of　that　persuasion　of　which　you　speak；　and　which　is　given　by　rhetoric；　although　I　have　a　suspicion　about　both　the　one　and　the　other。　And　I　am　going　to　ask…what　is　this　power　of　persuasion　which　is　given　by　rhetoric；　and　about　what？　But　why；　if　I　have　a　suspicion；　do　I　ask　instead　of　telling　you？　Not　for　your　sake；　but　in　order　that　the　argument　may　proceed　in　such　a　manner　as　is　most　likely　to　set　forth　the　truth。　And　I　would　have　you　observe；　that　I　am　right　in　asking　this　further　question：　If　I　asked；　〃What　sort　of　a　painter　is　Zeuxis？〃　and　you　said；　〃The　painter　of　figures；〃　should　I　not　be　right　in　asking；　What　kind　of　figures；　and　where　do　you　find　them？〃　　　Gor。　Certainly。　　　Soc。　And　the　reason　for　asking　this　second　question　would　be；　that　there　are　other　painters　besides；　who　paint　many　other　figures？　　　Gor。　True。　　　Soc。　But　if　there　had　been　no　one　but　Zeuxis　who　painted　them；　then　you　would　have　answered　very　well？　　　Gor。　Quite　so。　　　Soc。　Now　I　was　it　to　know　about　rhetoric　in　the　same　way；…is　rhetoric　the　only　art　which　brings　persuasion；　or　do　other　arts　have　the　same　effect？　I　mean　to　say…Does　he　who　teaches　anything　persuade　men　of　that　which　he　teaches　or　not？　　　Gor。　He　persuades；　Socrates；…there　can　be　no　mistake　about　that。　　　Soc。　Again；　if　we　take　the　arts　of　which　we　were　just　now　speaking：…do　not　arithmetic　and　the　arithmeticians　teach　us　the　properties　of　number？　　　Gor。　Certainly。　　　Soc。　And　therefore　persuade　us　of　them？　　　Gor。　Yes。　　　Soc。　Then　arithmetic　as　well　as　rhetoric　is　an　artificer　of　persuasion？　　　Gor。　Clearly。　　　Soc。　And　if　any　one　asks　us　what　sort　of　persuasion；　and　about　what；…we　shall　answer；　persuasion　which　teaches　the　quantity　of　odd　and　even；　and　we　shall　be　able　to　show　that　all　the　other　arts　of　which　w