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at is from El Tovar。 There； in a slight depression； he will see the foot…trail leading down from the rim to the Grotto。 It is a place about forty to fifty feet long； and with an overhanging wall of from five to fifteen feet high； and ten to twenty feet broad。 The shelf upon which one walks is narrow； but I have slept there many a time in cold and rainy weather。
The pictographs are mainly in a rich brownish…red； and are of deer； mountain…sheep； men and women； serpentine lines suggesting the course of rivers； rain…clouds； lightning； and many…legged reptiles；or what seem to represent these things。 They were here； exactly as one now sees them； when I first camped here with some friendly Havasupais； nearly twenty years ago； and I was then informed that some of the designs represent great hunts； in which their ancestors had been successful。
Of the genuineness of the pictographs no one need have the slightest question。 They afford a good opportunity to those who have never before seen such specimens of aboriginal art； to examine a fairly representative lot of them。
CHAPTER IV。 The Grand Canyon At El Tovar
If guests at the Canyon will take this book in hand and； line by line； read this chapter； just as they would listen to the talk of a friend in whose knowledge they confide； they will leave the Canyon with fewer erroneous conceptions than are quite common now。
El Tovar Amphitheatre。 The first thing to be observed is that El Tovar rests in the centre of the curve of a wide crescent； named El Tovar amphitheatre； the arms of which extend out into the heart of the Canyon； and shut in the scenery from the east and west； concentrating the view。 These arms afford an excellent opportunity for seeing the various carboniferous deposits。 The topmost is the cherty limestone； the layers of which lead the eye to the crossbedded sandstone； a creamy buff in color； and composed of a soft； sugary sand。 Each of these walls is from five hundred to six hundred feet high； though in some parts of the Canyon they are reduced to not more than four hundred feet。
Maricopa and El Tovar Points。 El Tovar is six thousand eight hundred and sixty…six feet above sea level； the highest part of the point on the left is seven thousand and fifty feet； and on the right seven thousand feet。 The point to the left； Maricopa Point； is a portion of the great promontory known as Hopi Point； to which all Canyon visitors should go。 That to the right is El Tovar Point。
Heights and Depths。 The height of the lime and sandstone walls can readily be measured by looking down upon the rudely carved mass of red sandstone slightly to the left； which has been called the 〃Battleship。〃 The top of this is five thousand； eight hundred and sixty…seven feet above sea level。 Now look up to the Maricopa Point above； seven thousand and fifty feet。 The difference is one thousand； one hundred and eighty…three feet； which is practically the height of these two strata。
Bright Angel Creek。 Almost at the first glance； the attention is arrested by the break in the north wall； slightly to the right of where we stand； which makes a wide lateral gorge running at right angles to the main course of the river。 This is Bright Angel Gorge； showing the course of Bright Angel Creek； which flows between its lower walls。 It received its name from Major Powell； when he and his party descended the river。 Earlier in their explorations they had ascended a side stream； and one of the men had declared it to be a dirty devil of a river； and for many years it bore the name 〃Dirty Devil River；〃 until Powell changed it on the map to Fremont River。 When； later； this exquisitely pure and beautiful side stream was reached； the great explorer determined that as one stream had been named after the prince of the powers of darkness； he would name this after the bright and beautiful powers；hence the name 〃Bright Angel。〃
A reference to the chapter 〃How the Canyon was Formed；〃 will explain how this side gorge came into existence； and also account for the great upthrust of the granitic rock at its mouth； for the most casual observer cannot fail to note the presence of this rock much higher than it is seen elsewhere。
The North Wall。 Before paying particular attention to the vast forms that crowd the interior of the Canyon； let us follow the 〃build〃 of the massive wall on the north side。 This is part of the great Kaibab Plateau； the highest wall of the whole Canyon system。 Its elevation is eight thousand three hundred； as against six thousand eight hundred and sixty…six feet at El Tovar； and it is thirteen miles in an air line from the south rim； where the hotel is located； to the north rim。
The reason for this difference in elevation is explained in the chapter 〃How the Canyon was Formed。〃 In brief； it is that； during a process of 〃 faulting；〃 the north wall was thrust up above the level of the south wall。
Features above Bright Angel Creek。 In any other region but here； this Bright Angel Gorge and the massive figures of rock that sentinel and guard it would be regarded as a scenic marvel； but here it is a mere trivial incident in the greater scenery of the greater Canyon。 Yet it is well to note the massive red sandstone points that are lined up on either side on the plateau； above the darkest recesses of the gorge； reminding one of the rows of sphinxes that guard the entrances of some of the Egyptian temples。
Up Bright Angel Creek。 Occasionally parties cross the river （either by boat or in an iron cage suspended by a cable）； and ascend to the north rim by means of a rude trail up Bright Angel Creek。 As the trail for a part of the way ascends the floor of the gorge； down which the stream flows； and as it is exceedingly narrow and without any way of escape in case of severe rain or flood； it is not always safe。 To one； however； who loves a rough and adventurous trip； the ascent of this gorge will probably give great satisfaction。 A little more than a third of the way up； a waterfall is passed； called 〃Ribbon Falls。〃 The trail winds and twists with the course of the stream； and finally reaches the summit at an elevation of eight thousand five hundred feet； not far from Greenland Spring。 From here one may go east over the Walhalla Plateau to Niji Point； and overlook the Chuar Valley at the mouth of Marble Canyon； where Dr。 Walcott spent a winter studying the Algonkian strata of that region。 To the west is Point Sublime； Powell Plateau； and other scenery of an unusually majestic character。
Features of the North Wall。 But let us now return to the main north wall before us。 The green tufts； that at this distance appear as grass or shrubs； partially covering the top of the wall and descending the slopes into the Canyon； are in reality great trees； mainly pines and black birches； from twenty…five to over one hundred and one hundred and fifty feet in height。 The forest that covers the Kaibab Plateau contains many majestic trees； and some of these have wandered over the rim to peep into the depths of the abyss below。 The cherty limestone strata are thus largely covered； but the next stratum is the clear band of cross…bedded sandstone； which corresponds to the second member of the geological series seen in the arm of the amphitheatre at Maricopa Point； and is from five hundred to six hundred feet wide。
Then the eye rests upon slopes of talus； which reach down to the red strata of varying thicknesses； which are deposited above the red…wall limestone； the widest member of the whole Canyon group。 These walls are cut and recessed into all kinds of shapes and forms； angles； promontories and recesses； which； especially in the early morning and late afternoon； cast shadows of inexpressible beauty。
The Red…Wall Limestone。 We now come to the red…wall limestone nearly six hundred feet in thickness。 What a striking； massive wall it is； and how impressive； when seen even at this immense distance。 This wall is red only because it is stained by the color washed down by the rain from the red strata above。 In reality； it is a rich creamy lime； but only where the red strata above have been degraded and washed away does the natural color of this wall appear。
The Plateau。 Below the red…wall limestone； there are several str