ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
ßÙßÙ¶ÁÊé ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)-µÚ6ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




£¨usurping£©¡¡Leang¡¡sovereignties¡¡in¡¡the¡¡western¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡£¨£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý£©¡£¡¡

The¡¡name¡¡Leang¡¡remains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡department¡¡of¡¡Leang¡­chow¡¡in¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡

part¡¡of¡¡Kan¡­suh¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¨southern¡¡Leang¡¨¡¡arose¡¡in¡¡397¡¡under¡¡a¡¡Tuh¡­fah¡¡Wu¡­¡¡

ku£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡399¡¡by¡¡a¡¡brother£»¡¡Le¡­luh¡­koo£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡again¡¡by¡¡

his¡¡¡¡¡¡brother£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Now¡­t'an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡text£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡402£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡king¡¡

therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡friends¡¡¡¡¡¡reached¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡capital¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡How¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

represented¡¡as¡¡being¡¡so¡¡may¡¡be¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡in¡¡various¡¡ways£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡

is¡¡not¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡write¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§9£§¡¡Chang¡­yih¡¡is¡¡still¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡a¡¡district¡¡in¡¡Kan¡­chow¡¡department£»¡¡

Kan¡­suh¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡long¡¡way¡¡north¡¡and¡¡west¡¡from¡¡Lan¡­chow£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡Great¡¡¡¡¡¡Wall¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Its¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡was£»¡¡¡¡¡¡probably£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Twan¡­yeh¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡

northern¡¡Leang¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§10£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Dana¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡religious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡charity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡six¡¡

paramitas£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡attaining¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡nirvana£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡danapati¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨one¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

practises¡¡dana¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡crosses¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡of¡¡misery¡£¡¨¡¡It¡¡is¡¡given¡¡as¡¡¡¨a¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡17¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡18¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



title¡¡of¡¡honour¡¡to¡¡all¡¡who¡¡support¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡Buddhism¡¡by¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡charity£»¡¡

especially¡¡to¡¡founders¡¡and¡¡patrons¡¡of¡¡monasteries£»¡¨see¡¡Eitel£»¡¡p¡£¡¡29¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§11£§¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡pilgrims¡¡with¡¡their¡¡clerical¡¡names£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡distinguished¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡Pao¡­yun£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡translated¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡Sanskrit¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡return¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡

India£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡only¡¡one¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡now¡¡existing¡£¡¡He¡¡died¡¡in¡¡449¡£¡¡See¡¡

Nanjio's¡¡Catalogue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Tripitaka£»¡¡col¡£¡¡417¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§12£§¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡second¡¡summer¡¡since¡¡the¡¡pilgrims¡¡left¡¡Ch'ang¡­gan¡£¡¡

We¡¡are¡¡now¡¡therefore£»¡¡probably£»¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡400¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§13£§¡¡T'un¡­hwang¡¡£¨lat¡£¡¡39d¡¡40s¡¡N¡££»¡¡lon¡£¡¡94d¡¡50s¡¡E¡££©¡¡is¡¡still¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡

one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡districts¡¡¡¡¡¡constituting¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡department¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Gan¡­se£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡

western¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prefectures¡¡of¡¡Kan¡­suh£»¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡termination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡

Wall¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§14£§¡¡Who¡¡this¡¡envoy¡¡was£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡he¡¡was¡¡going£»¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡£¡¡

The¡¡text¡¡will¡¡not¡¡admit¡¡of¡¡any¡¡other¡¡translation¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§15£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Le¡¡¡¡¡¡Hao¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡native¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Lung¡­se£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡learning£»¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

kindly¡¡in¡¡his¡¡government¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡appointed¡¡governor¡¡or¡¡prefect¡¡of¡¡T'un¡­¡¡

hwang¡¡by¡¡the¡¡king¡¡of¡¡¡¨the¡¡northern¡¡Leang£»¡¨¡¡in¡¡400£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡he¡¡sustained¡¡

himself£»¡¡becoming¡¡by¡¡and¡¡by¡¡¡¨duke¡¡of¡¡western¡¡Leang£»¡¨¡¡till¡¡he¡¡died¡¡in¡¡417¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§16£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡river¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡sand£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡desert¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Kobi¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Gobi£»¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡

various¡¡other¡¡names¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡great¡¡task¡¡which¡¡the¡¡pilgrims¡¡had¡¡now¡¡before¡¡

them£»to¡¡¡¡¡¡cross¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡desert¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨river¡¨¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡misleads¡¡

the¡¡reader£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡of¡¡crossing¡¡it¡¡as¡¡of¡¡crossing¡¡a¡¡stream£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡

had¡¡to¡¡traverse¡¡it¡¡from¡¡east¡¡to¡¡west¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡¡¨Vocabulary¡¡of¡¡Proper¡¡Names£»¡¨¡¡

p¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡23£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Porter¡¡¡¡¡¡Smith¡¡¡¡¡¡says£º¡¨It¡¡¡¡¡¡extends¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eastern¡¡¡¡¡¡frontier¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Mongolia£»¡¡south¡­westward¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡frontier¡¡¡¡of¡¡Turkestan£»¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡

six¡¡¡¡¡¡miles¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Ilchi£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡chief¡¡¡¡town¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Khoten¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡¡¡¡¡comprises¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡

twenty¡­three¡¡degrees¡¡of¡¡longitude¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡three¡¡to¡¡ten¡¡degrees¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡latitude¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡breadth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡2£»100¡¡¡¡¡¡miles¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡length¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡

some¡¡¡¡¡¡places¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡arable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡formed¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡terror¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

which¡¡this¡¡'Sea¡¡of¡¡Sand£»'¡¡with¡¡its¡¡vast¡¡billows¡¡of¡¡shifting¡¡sands£»¡¡is¡¡regarded£»¡¡

from¡¡the¡¡legend¡¡that¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡storms¡¡360¡¡cities¡¡were¡¡all¡¡buried¡¡within¡¡

the¡¡space¡¡of¡¡twenty¡­four¡¡hours¡£¡¨¡¡So¡¡also¡¡Gilmour's¡¡¡¨Among¡¡the¡¡Mongols£»¡¨¡¡

chap¡£¡¡5¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡18¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡19¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ON¡¡TO¡¡SHEN¡­SHEN¡¡AND¡¡THENCE¡¡TO¡¡KHOTEN¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡travelling¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡seventeen¡¡¡¡¡¡days£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡distance¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡calculate¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

about¡¡¡¡¡¡1500¡¡¡¡¡¡le£»¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡pilgrims£©¡¡¡¡¡¡reached¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kingdom¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Shen¡­shen£»£§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

country¡¡rugged¡¡and¡¡hilly£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thin¡¡and¡¡barren¡¡soil¡£¡¡The¡¡clothes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

common¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡coarse£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡worn¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡land¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Han£»£§2£§¡¡

some¡¡wearing¡¡felt¡¡and¡¡others¡¡coarse¡¡serge¡¡or¡¡cloth¡¡of¡¡hair£»¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡

only¡¡difference¡¡seen¡¡among¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡professed¡¡£¨our£©¡¡Law£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡

might¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country¡¡more¡¡than¡¡four¡¡thousand¡¡monks£»£§3£§¡¡who¡¡were¡¡all¡¡

students¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡hinayana¡££§4£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡

kingdoms¡¡£¨in¡¡that¡¡region£©£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡sramans£»£§5£§¡¡all¡¡practise¡¡the¡¡rules¡¡

of¡¡India£»£§6£§¡¡only¡¡that¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡do¡¡so¡¡more¡¡exactly£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡former¡¡more¡¡

loosely¡£¡¡So¡¡£¨the¡¡travellers£©¡¡found¡¡it¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡kingdoms¡¡through¡¡which¡¡they¡¡

went¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡west£»¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡

peculiar¡¡barbarous¡¡speech¡££§7£§¡¡£¨The¡¡monks£©£»¡¡however£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡£¨given¡¡up¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡worldly¡¡¡¡¡¡life£©¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡quitted¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡families£»¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡students¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Indian¡¡

books¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡language¡£¡¡Here¡¡they¡¡stayed¡¡for¡¡about¡¡a¡¡month£»¡¡and¡¡

then¡¡¡¡¡¡proceeded¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡journey£»¡¡¡¡¡¡fifteen¡¡¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡walking¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡north¡­west¡¡

bringing¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Woo¡­e¡££§8£§¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡

than¡¡four¡¡¡¡¡¡thousand¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡students¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡hinayana¡£¡¡They¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡

strict¡¡in¡¡their¡¡rules£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡sramans¡¡from¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡of¡¡Ts'in£§9£§¡¡were¡¡all¡¡

unprepared¡¡for¡¡their¡¡regulations¡£¡¡Fa¡­hien£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡management¡¡of¡¡Foo¡¡

Kung¡­sun£»¡¡/maitre¡¡d'hotellerie/£»£§10£§¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡£¨with¡¡his¡¡company¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡monastery¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡received£©¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡months£»¡¡

and¡¡here¡¡they¡¡were¡¡rejoined¡¡by¡¡Pao¡­yun¡¡and¡¡his¡¡friends¡££§11£§¡¡£¨At¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡time£©¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Woo¡­e¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡neglected¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡duties¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡propriety¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

righteousness£»¡¡and¡¡treated¡¡the¡¡strangers¡¡in¡¡so¡¡niggardly¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡that¡¡Che¡­¡¡

yen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hwuy¡­keen£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Hwuy¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wei¡¡¡¡¡¡went¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡back¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Kao¡­ch'ang£»£§12£§¡¡

hoping¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡there¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡continuing¡¡their¡¡journey¡£¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡rest£»¡¡however£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡liberality¡¡of¡¡Foo¡¡Kung¡­sun£»¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡go¡¡

straight¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡forward¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡south¡­west¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡direction¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡

uninhabited¡¡as¡¡they¡¡went¡¡along¡£¡¡The¡¡difficulties¡¡which¡¡they¡¡encountered¡¡in¡¡

crossing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡streams¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡route£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sufferings¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡19¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡20¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



endured£»¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡unparalleled¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡experience£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡course¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

month¡¡and¡¡five¡¡days¡¡they¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡reaching¡¡Yu¡­teen¡££§13£§¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡20¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡21¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡An¡¡account¡¡is¡¡given¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡of¡¡Shen¡­shen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡96th¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

Books¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡Han¡¡¡¡¡¡dynasty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡becoming¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡dependency¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

China£»¡¡about¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡80¡£¡¡The¡¡greater¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡that¡¡is¡¡now¡¡accessible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

English¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reader¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡translation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Wylie¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¨Journal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Anthropological¡¡Institute£»¡¨¡¡August£»¡¡1880¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Wylie¡¡says£º¡¡¡¨Although¡¡we¡¡

may¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡identify¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Shen¡­shen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡certainty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡

sufficient¡¡indications¡¡to¡¡give¡¡an¡¡appropriate¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡its¡¡position£»¡¡as¡¡being¡¡

south¡¡of¡¡and¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡lake¡¡Lob¡£¡¨¡¡He¡¡then¡¡goes¡¡into¡¡an¡¡exhibition¡¡of¡¡

those¡¡¡¡¡¡indications£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡transcribe¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficient¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

know¡¡that¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡city¡¡was¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡Lob¡¡or¡¡Lop¡¡Nor£»¡¡into¡¡which¡¡in¡¡

lon¡£¡¡38d¡¡E¡£¡¡the¡¡Tarim¡¡flows¡£¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡estimated¡¡its¡¡distance¡¡to¡¡be¡¡1500¡¡le¡¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡T'un¡­hwang¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡companions¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡gone¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡th
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡