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till now； when it is nearly 100 cubits in height。
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NOTES
＇1＇ Here is an instance of ｛。｝ used； as was pointed out in chap。 ix； note
3； for a former age； and not merely a former time。 Perhaps 〃a former birth〃
is the best translation。 The Corean reading of Kasyapa Buddha is certainly
preferable to the Chinese 〃Sakya Buddha。〃
＇2＇ See chap。 xvii； note 8。
＇3＇ I prefer to retain the Sanskrit term here； instead of translating the
Chinese text by 〃Earth's prison ｛。｝ ｛。｝；〃 or 〃a prison in the earth；〃 the
name for which has been adopted generally by Christian missionaries in
China for gehenna and hell。
＇4＇ Eitel （p。 173） says：〃Yama was originally the Aryan god of the
dead； living in a heaven above the world； the regent of the south； but
Brahmanism transferred his abode to hell。 Both views have been retained
by Buddhism。〃 The Yama of the text is the 〃regent of the narakas； residing
south of Jambudvipa； outside the Chakravalas （the double circuit of
mountains above）； in a palace built of brass and iron。 He has a sister who
controls all the female culprits； as he exclusively deals with the male sex。
Three times； however； in every twenty…four hours； a demon pours boiling
copper into Yama's mouth； and squeezes it down his throat； causing him
unspeakable pain。〃 Such； however； is the wonderful 〃transrotation of
births；〃 that when Yama's sins have been expiated； he is to be reborn as
Buddha； under the name of 〃The Universal King。〃
＇5＇ Or； 〃was loosed；〃 from the bonds； I suppose； of his various
illusions。
＇6＇ I have not met with this particular numerical category。
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CHAPTER XXXIII
MOUNT GURUPADA； WHERE KASYAPA BUDDHA'S ENTIRE
SKELETON IS。
（The travellers）； going on from this three le to the south； came to a
mountain named Gurupada；＇1＇ inside which Mahakasyapa even now is。
He made a cleft； and went down into it； though the place where he entered
would not （now） admit a man。 Having gone down very far； there was a
hole on one side； and there the complete body of Kasyapa （still） abides。
Outside the hole （at which he entered） is the earth with which he had
washed his hands。＇2＇ If the people living thereabouts have a sore on their
heads； they plaster on it some of the earth from this； and feel immediately
easier。＇3＇ On this mountain； now as of old； there are Arhats abiding。
Devotees of our Law from the various countries in that quarter go year by
year to the mountain； and present offerings to Kasyapa； and to those
whose hearts are strong in faith there come Arhats at night； and talk with
them； discussing and explaining their doubts； and disappearing suddenly
afterwards。
On this hill hazels grow luxuriously； and there are many lions； tigers；
and wolves； so that people should not travel incautiously。
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NOTES
＇1＇ 〃Fowl's…foot hill；〃 〃with three peaks； resembling the foot of a
chicken。 It lies seven miles south…east of Gaya； and was the residence of
Mahakasyapa； who is said to be still living inside this mountain。〃 So Eitel
says； p。 58； but this chapter does not say that Kasyapa is in the mountain
alive； but that his body entire is in a recess or hole in it。 Hardy （M。 B。； p。
97） says that after Kasyapa Buddha's body was burnt； the bones still
remained in their usual position； presenting the appearance of a perfect
skeleton。 It is of him that the chapter speaks； and not of the famous
disciple of Sakyamuni； who also is called Mahakasyapa。 This will appear
also on a comparison of Eitel's articles on 〃Mahakasyapa〃 and 〃Kasyapa
Buddha。〃
＇2＇ Was it a custom to wash the hands with 〃earth；〃 as is often done
with sand？
＇3＇ This I conceive to be the meaning here。
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CHAPTER XXXIV
ON THE WAY BACK TO PATNA。 VARANASI； OR BENARES。
SAKYAMUNI'S FIRST DOINGS AFTER BECOMING BUDDHA。
Fa…hien＇1＇ returned （from here） towards Pataliputtra；＇2＇ keeping along
the course of the Ganges and descending in the direction of the west。 After
going ten yojanas he found a vihara； named 〃The Wilderness；〃a place
where Buddha had dwelt； and where there are monks now。
Pursuing the same course； and going still to the west； he arrived； after
twelve yojanas； at the city of Varanasi＇3＇ in the kingdom of Kasi。 Rather
more than ten le to the north…east of the city； he found the vihara in the
park of 〃The rishi's Deer…wild。〃＇4＇ In this park there formerly resided a
Pratyeka Buddha；＇5＇ with whom the deer were regularly in the habit of
stopping for the night。 When the World… honoured one was about to attain
to perfect Wisdom； the devas sang in the sky； 〃The son of king
Suddhodana； having quitted his family and studied the Path （of
Wisdom）；＇6＇ will now in seven days become Buddha。〃 The Pratyeka
Buddha heard their words； and immediately attained to nirvana； and hence
this place was named 〃The Park of the rishi's Deer…wild。〃＇7＇ After the
World…honoured one had attained to perfect Wisdom； men build the vihara
in it。
Buddha wished to convert Kaundinya＇8＇ and his four companions； but
they； （being aware of his intention）； said to one another； 〃This Sramana
Gotama＇9＇ for six years continued in the practice of painful austerities；
eating daily （only） a single hemp…seed； and one grain of rice； without
attaining to the Path （of Wisdom）； how much less will he do so now that
he has entered （again） among men； and is giving the reins to （the
indulgence of） his body； his speech； and his thoughts！ What has he to do
with the Path （of Wisdom）？ To…day； when he comes to us； let us be on our
guard not to speak with him。〃 At the places where the five men all rose up；
and respectfully saluted （Buddha）； when he came to them； where； sixty
paces north from this； he sat with his face to the east； and first turned the
wheel of the Law； converting Kaundinya and the four others； where；
twenty paces further to the north； he delivered his prophecy concerning
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Maitreya；＇10＇ and where； at a distance of fifty paces to the south； the
dragon Elapattra＇11＇ asked him； 〃When shall I get free from this naga
body？〃at all these places topes were reared； and are still existing。 In （the
park） there are two monasteri