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considered the fountain of Chinese orthodoxy； and counted as the first
patriarch。 He also is to be reborn as Buddha。 Eitel； p。 64。
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＇18＇ The bhikshunis are the female monks or nuns； subject to the same
rules as the bhikshus； and also to special ordinances of restraint。 See
Hardy's E。 M。； chap。 17。 See also Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xx； p。
321。
＇19＇ The Sramaneras are the novices； male or female； who have vowed
to observe the Shikshapada； or ten commandments。 Fa…hien was himself
one of them from his childhood。 Having heard the Trisharana； or threefold
formula of Refuge；〃I take refuge in Buddha； the Law； the Church； the
novice undertakes to observe the ten precepts that forbid （1） destroying
life； （2） stealing； （3） impurity； （4） lying； （5） intoxicating drinks； （6） eating
after midday； （7） dancing； singing； music； and stage…plays； （8） garlands；
scents； unguents； and ornaments； （9） high or broad couches； （10） receiving
gold or silver。〃 Davids' Manual； p。 160； Hardy's E。 M。； pp。 23； 24。
＇20＇ The eldest son of Sakyamuni by Yasodhara。 Converted to
Buddhism； he followed his father as an attendant； and after Buddha's death
became the founder of a philosophical realistic school （vaibhashika）。 He is
now revered as the patron saint of all novices； and is to be reborn as the
eldest son of every future Buddha。 Eitel； p。 101。 His mother also is to be
reborn as Buddha。
＇21＇ There are six （sometimes increased to ten） paramitas； 〃means of
passing to nirvana：Charity； morality； patience； energy； tranquil
contemplation； wisdom （prajna）； made up to ten by use of the proper
means； science； pious vows； and force of purpose。 But it is only prajna
which carries men across the samsara to the shores of nirvana。〃 Eitel； p。
90。
＇22＇ According to Eitel （pp。 71； 72）； 〃A famous Bodhisattva； now
specially worshipped in Shan…se； whose antecedents are a hopeless jumble
of history and fable。 Fa…hien found him here worshipped by followers of
the mahayana school； but Hsuan…chwang connects his worship with the
yogachara or tantra…magic school。 The mahayana school regard him as the
apotheosis of perfect wisdom。 His most common titles are Mahamati；
〃Great wisdom；〃 and Kumara…raja； 〃King of teaching； with a thousand
arms and a hundred alms…bowls。〃
＇23＇ Kwan…she…yin and the dogmas about him or her are as great a
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mystery as Manjusri。 The Chinese name is a mistranslation of the Sanskrit
name Avalokitesvra； 〃On…looking Sovereign；〃 or even 〃On… looking Self…
Existent；〃 and means 〃Regarding or Looking on the sounds of the
world；〃=〃Hearer of Prayer。〃 Originally； and still in Thibet； Avalokitesvara
had only male attributes； but in China and Japan （Kwannon）； this deity
（such popularly she is） is represented as a woman； 〃Kwan…yin； the greatly
gentle； with a thousand arms and a thousand eyes；〃 and has her principal
seat in the island of P'oo…t'oo； on the China coast； which is a regular place
of pilgrimage。 To the worshippers of whom Fa…hien speaks； Kwan…she…yin
would only be Avalokitesvara。 How he was converted into the 〃goddess of
mercy；〃 and her worship took the place which it now has in China； is a
difficult inquiry； which would take much time and space； and not be
brought after all； so far as I see； to a satisfactory conclusion。 See Eitel's
Handbook； pp。 18…20； and his Three Lectures on Buddhism （third edition）；
pp。 124…131。 I was talking on the subject once with an intelligent Chinese
gentleman； when he remarked； 〃Have you not much the same thing in
Europe in the worship of Mary？〃
＇24＇ Compare what is said in chap。 v。
＇25＇ This nirvana of Buddha must benot his death； but his attaining
to Buddhaship。
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CHAPTER XVII
SANKASYA。 BUDDHA'S ASCENT TO AND DESCENT FROM
THE TRAYASTRIMSAS HEAVEN； AND OTHER LEGENDS。
From this they proceeded south…east for eighteen yojanas； and found
themselves in a kingdom called Sankasya；＇1＇ at the place where Buddha
came down； after ascending to the Trayastrimsas heaven；＇2＇ and there
preaching for three months his Law for the benefit of his mother。＇3＇
Buddha had gone up to this heaven by his supernatural power；＇4＇ without
letting his disciples know； but seven days before the completion （of the
three months） he laid aside his invisibility；＇4＇ and Anuruddha；＇5＇ with his
heavenly eyes；＇5＇ saw the World…honoured one； and immediately said to
the honoured one； the great Mugalan； 〃Do you go and salute the World…
honoured one。〃 Mugalan forthwith went； and with head and face did
homage at （Buddha's） feet。 They then saluted and questioned each other；
and when this was over； Buddha said to Mugalan； 〃Seven days after this I
will go down to Jambudvipa；〃 and thereupon Mugalan returned。 At this
time the great kings of eight countries with their ministers and people； not
having seen Buddha for a long time； were all thirstily looking up for him；
and had collected in clouds in this kingdom to wait for the World…
honoured one。
Then the bhikshuni Utpala＇6＇ thought in her heart； 〃To…day the kings；
with their ministers and people； will all be meeting （and welcoming）
Buddha。 I am （but） a woman； how shall I succeed in being the first to see
him？〃＇7＇ Buddha immediately； by his spirit…like power； changed her into
the appearance of a holy Chakravartti＇8＇ king； and she was the foremost of
all in doing reverence to him。
As Buddha descended from his position aloft in the Trayastrimsas
heaven； when he was coming down； there were made to appear three
flights of precious steps。 Buddha was on the middle flight； the steps of
which were composed of the seven precious substances。 The king of
Brahma…loka＇9＇ also made a flight of silver steps appear on the right side；
（where he was seen） attending with a white chowry in his hand。 Sakra；
Ruler of Devas； made （a flight of） steps of purple gold on the left side；
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（where he was seen） attending and holding an umbrella of the seven
precious substances。 An innumerable multitude of the devas followed
Buddha in his descent。 When he was come down； the three flights all
disappeared in the ground； excepting seven steps； which continued to be
visible。 Afterwards king Asoka； wishing to know where their ends rested；
sent men to dig and see。 They went down to the yellow springs＇10＇
without reaching the bottom of the steps； and from this the king received
an increase to his reverence and faith； and built a vihara over the steps；
with a standing image； sixteen cubits in height； right over the middle flight。
Behind the vihara