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tope； adorned with layers＇6＇ of gold and silver plates。
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NOTES
＇1＇ Buddhism stands for the two Chinese characters ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃the Law
of Buddha；〃 and to that rendering of the phrase； which is of frequent
occurrence； I will in general adhere。 Buddhism is not an adequate
rendering of them any more than Christianity would be of ｛to euaggelion
Xristou｝。 The Fa or Law is the equivalent of dharma comprehending all in
the first Basket of the Buddhist teaching；as Dr。 Davids says （Hibbert
Lectures； p。 44）； 〃its ethics and philosophy； and its system of self…culture；〃
with the theory of karma； it seems to me； especially underlying it。 It has
been pointed out （Cunningham's 〃Bhilsa Topes；〃 p。 102） that dharma is the
keystone of all king Priyadarsi or Asoka's edicts。 The whole of them are
dedicated to the attainment of one object； 〃the advancement of dharma； or
of the Law of Buddha。〃 His native Chinese afforded no better character
than ｛。｝ or Law； by which our author could express concisely his idea of
the Buddhistic system； as 〃a law of life；〃 a directory or system of Rules；
by which men could attain to the consummation of their being。
＇2＇ Sakra is a common name for the Brahmanic Indra； adopted by
Buddhism into the circle of its own great adherents；it has been said；
〃because of his popularity。〃 He is generally styled； as here； T'een Ti； 〃God
or Ruler of Devas。〃 He is now the representative of the secular power； the
valiant protector of the Buddhist body； but is looked upon as inferior to
Sakyamuni； and every Buddhist saint。 He appears several times in Fa…
hien's narrative。 E。 H。； pp。 108 and 46。
＇3＇ The Chinese character is ｛。｝； 〃formerly；〃 and is often； as in the first
sentence of the narrative； simply equivalent to that adverb。 At other times
it means； as here； 〃in a former age；〃 some pre…existent state in the time of
a former birth。 The incident related is 〃a Jataka story。〃
＇4＇ It occurs at once to the translator to render the characters ｛。｝ ｛。｝ by
〃changed himself to。〃 Such is often their meaning in the sequel； but their
use in chapter xxiv may be considered as a crucial test of the meaning
which I have given them here。
＇5＇ That is； had become Buddha； or completed his course ｛。｝ ｛。｝。
＇6＇ This seems to be the contribution of ｛。｝ （or ｛。｝）； to the force of the
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binomial ｛。｝ ｛。｝； which is continually occurring。
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CHAPTER X
GANDHARA。 LEGENDS OF BUDDHA。
The travellers； going downwards from this towards the east； in five
days came to the country of Gandhara；＇1＇ the place where Dharma…
vivardhana；＇2＇ the son of Asoka；＇3＇ ruled。 When Buddha was a
Bodhisattva； he gave his eyes also for another man here；＇4＇ and at the spot
they have also reared a large tope； adorned with layers of gold and silver
plates。 The people of the country were mostly students of the hinayana。
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NOTES
＇1＇ Eitel says 〃an ancient kingdom； corresponding to the region about
Dheri and Banjour。〃 But see note 5。
＇2＇ Dharma…vivardhana is the name in Sanskrit； represented by the Fa
Yi ｛。｝ ｛。｝ of the text。
＇3＇ Asoka is here mentioned for the first time；the Constantine of the
Buddhist society； and famous for the number of viharas and topes which
he erected。 He was the grandson of Chandragupta （i。q。 Sandracottus）； a
rude adventurer； who at one time was a refugee in the camp of Alexander
the Great； and within about twenty years afterwards drove the Greeks out
of India； having defeated Seleucus； the Greek ruler of the Indus provinces。
He had by that time made himself king of Magadha。 His grandson was
converted to Buddhism by the bold and patient demeanour of an Arhat
whom he had ordered to be buried alive； and became a most zealous
supporter of the new faith。 Dr。 Rhys Davids （Sacred Books of the East； vol。
xi； p。 xlvi） says that 〃Asoka's coronation can be fixed with absolute
certainty within a year or two either way of 267 B。C。〃
＇4＇ This also is a Jataka story； but Eitel thinks it may be a myth；
constructed from the story of the blinding of Dharma…vivardhana。
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CHAPTER XI
TAKSHASILA。 LEGENDS。 THE FOUR GREAT TOPES。
Seven days' journey from this to the east brought the travellers to the
kingdom of Takshasila；＇1＇ which means 〃the severed head〃 in the
language of China。 Here； when Buddha was a Bodhisattva； he gave away
his head to a man；＇2＇ and from this circumstance the kingdom got its
name。
Going on further for two days to the east； they came to the place where
the Bodhisattva threw down his body to feed a starving tigress。＇2＇ In these
two places also large topes have been built； both adorned with layers of all
the precious substances。 The kings； ministers； and peoples of the
kingdoms around vie with one another in making offerings at them。 The
trains of those who come to scatter flowers and light lamps at them never
cease。 The nations of those quarters all those （and the other two mentioned
before） 〃the four great topes。〃
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NOTES
＇1＇ See Julien's 〃Methode pour dechiffrer et transcrire les Nomes
Sanscrits；〃 p。 206。 Eitel says； 〃The Taxila of the Greeks； the region near
Hoosun Abdaul in lat。 35d 48s N。； lon。 72d 44s E。 But this identification； I
am satisfied； is wrong。 Cunningham； indeed； takes credit （〃Ancient
Geography of India；〃 pp。 108； 109） for determining this to be the site of
Arrian's Taxila；in the upper Punjab； still existing in the ruins of
Shahdheri； between the Indus and Hydaspes （the modern Jhelum）。 So far
he may be correct； but the Takshasila of Fa…hien was on the other； or
western side of the Indus； and between the river and Gandhara。 It took him；
indeed； seven days travelling eastwards to reach it； but we do not know
what stoppages he may have made on the way。 We must be wary in
reckoning distances from his specifications of days。
＇2＇ Two Jataka stories。 See the account of the latter in Spence Hardy's
〃Manual of Buddhism；〃 pp。 91； 92。 It took place when Buddha had been
born as a Brahman in the village of Daliddi； and from the merit of the act；
he was next born in a devaloka。
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CHAPTER XII
PURUSHAPURA； OR PESHAWUR。 PROPHECY ABOUT KING
KANISHKA AND HIS TOPE。 B