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ure to use such languagethe period of social gestation are proportional to the loftiness of the capacity。 But while the physician； the poet； the artist； and the savant produce but little； and that slowly； the productions of the farmer are much less uncertain； and do not require so long a time。 Whatever be then the capacity of a man；when this capacity is once created；it does not belong to him。 Like the material fashioned by an industrious hand； it had the power of BECOMING； and society has given it BEING。 Shall the vase say to the potter； 〃I am that I am； and I owe you nothing〃？
The artist； the savant； and the poet find their just recompense in the permission that society gives them to devote themselves exclusively to science and to art： so that in reality they do not labor for themselves； but for society； which creates them； and requires of them no other duty。 Society can； if need be； do without prose and verse； music and painting； and the knowledge of the movements of the moon and stars； but it cannot live a single day without food and shelter。
Undoubtedly； man does not live by bread alone； he must； also （according to the Gospel）； LIVE BY THE WORD OF GOD； that is； he must love the good and do it； know and admire the beautiful； and study the marvels of Nature。 But in order to cultivate his mind； he must first take care of his body；the latter duty is as necessary as the former is noble。 If it is glorious to charm and instruct men； it is honorable as well to feed them。 When； then； societyfaithful to the principle of the division of labor intrusts a work of art or of science to one of its members； allowing him to abandon ordinary labor； it owes him an indemnity for all which it prevents him from producing industrially； but it owes him nothing more。 If he should demand more； society should； by refusing his services； annihilate his pretensions。 Forced； then； in order to live； to devote himself to labor repugnant to his nature； the man of genius would feel his weakness； and would live the most distasteful of lives。
They tell of a celebrated singer who demanded of the Empress of Russia （Catherine II） twenty thousand roubles for his services： 〃That is more than I give my field…marshals；〃 said Catherine。 〃Your majesty；〃 replied the other； 〃has only to make singers of her field…marshals。〃
If France （more powerful than Catherine II） should say to Mademoiselle Rachel； 〃You must act for one hundred louis； or else spin cotton；〃 to M。 Duprez； 〃You must sing for two thousand four hundred francs； or else work in the vineyard；〃do you think that the actress Rachel； and the singer Duprez； would abandon the stage？ If they did； they would be the first to repent it。
Mademoiselle Rachel receives； they say； sixty thousand francs annually from the Comedie…Francaise。 For a talent like hers； it is a slight fee。 Why not one hundred thousand francs； two hundred thousand francs？ Why！ not a civil list？ What meanness！ Are we really guilty of chaffering with an artist like Mademoiselle Rachel？
It is said； in reply； that the managers of the theatre cannot give more without incurring a loss； that they admit the superior talent of their young associate； but that； in fixing her salary； they have been compelled to take the account of the company's receipts and expenses into consideration also。
That is just； but it only confirms what I have said； namely； that an artist's talent may be infinite； but that its mercenary claims are necessarily limited；on the one hand； by its usefulness to the society which rewards it； on the other； by the resources of this society： in other words； that the demand of the seller is balanced by the right of the buyer。
Mademoiselle Rachel； they say； brings to the treasury of the Theatre…Francais more than sixty thousand francs。 I admit it； but then I blame the theatre。 From whom does the Theatre… Francais take this money？ From some curious people who are perfectly free。 Yes； but the workingmen； the lessees； the tenants； those who borrow by pawning their possessions； from whom these curious people recover all that they pay to the theatre； are they free？ And when the better part of their products are consumed by others at the play； do you assure me that their families are not in want？ Until the French people； reflecting on the salaries paid to all artists； savants； and public functionaries； have plainly expressed their wish and judgment as to the matter； the salaries of Mademoiselle Rachel and all her fellow…artists will be a compulsory tax extorted by violence； to reward pride； and support libertinism。
It is because we are neither free nor sufficiently enlightened； that we submit to be cheated in our bargains； that the laborer pays the duties levied by the prestige of power and the selfishness of talent upon the curiosity of the idle； and that we are perpetually scandalized by these monstrous inequalities which are encouraged and applauded by public opinion。
The whole nation； and the nation only； pays its authors； its savants； its artists； its officials； whatever be the hands through which their salaries pass。 On what basis should it pay them？ On the basis of equality。 I have proved it by estimating the value of talent。 I shall confirm it in the following chapter； by proving the impossibility of all social inequality。
What have we shown so far？ Things so simple that really they seem silly：
That； as the traveller does not appropriate the route which he traverses； so the farmer does not appropriate the field which he sows；
That if； nevertheless； by reason of his industry； a laborer may appropriate the material which he employs； every employer of material becomes； by the same title； a proprietor；
That all capital； whether material or mental； being the result of collective labor； is； in consequence； collective property；
That the strong have no right to encroach upon the labor of the weak； nor the shrewd to take advantage of the credulity of the simple；
Finally； that no one can be forced to buy that which he does not want； still less to pay for that which he has not bought； and； consequently； that the exchangeable value of a product； being measured neither by the opinion of the buyer nor that of the seller； but by the amount of time and outlay which it has cost； the property of each always remains the same。
Are not these very simple truths？ Well； as simple as they seem to you； reader； you shall yet see others which surpass them in dullness and simplicity。 For our course is the reverse of that of the geometricians： with them； the farther they advance； the more difficult their problems become； we； on the contrary； after having commenced with the most abstruse propositions； shall end with the axioms。
But I must close this chapter with an exposition of one of those startling truths which never have been dreamed of by legists or economists。
％ 8。That； from the Stand…point of Justice； Labor destroys Property。
This proposition is the logical result of the two preceding sections； which we have just summed up。
The isolated man can supply but a very small portion of his wants； all his power lies in association； and in the intelligent combination of universal effort。 The division and co…operation of labor multiply the quantity and the variety of products； the individuality of functions improves their quality。
There is not a man； then； but lives upon the products of several thousand different industries； not a laborer but receives from society at large the things which he consumes； and； with these； the power to reproduce。 Who； indeed； would venture the assertion； 〃I produce； by my own effort； all that I consume； I need the aid of no one else〃？ The farmer； whom the early economists regarded as the only real producerthe farmer； housed； furnished； clothed； fed； and assisted by the mason； the carpenter； the tailor； the miller； the baker； the butcher； the grocer； the blacksmith； &c。；the farmer； I say； can he boast that he produces by his own unaided effort？
The various articles of consumption are given to each by all； consequently； the production of each involves the production of all。 One product cannot exist without another； an isolated industry is an impossible th