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Such an author teaches that property is a civil right； born of occupation and sanctioned by law； another maintains that it is a natural right； originating in labor；and both of these doctrines； totally opposed as they may seem； are encouraged and applauded。 I contend that neither labor； nor occupation； nor law； can create property； that it is an effect without a cause： am I censurable？
But murmurs arise！
PROPERTY IS ROBBERY！ That is the war…cry of '93！ That is the signal of revolutions！
Reader； calm yourself： I am no agent of discord； no firebrand of sedition。 I anticipate history by a few days； I disclose a truth whose development we may try in vain to arrest； I write the preamble of our future constitution。 This proposition which seems to you blasphemousPROPERTY IS ROBBERYwould； if our prejudices allowed us to consider it； be recognized as the lightning…rod to shield us from the coming thunderbolt； but too many interests stand in the way！ 。 。 。 Alas！ philosophy will not change the course of events： destiny will fulfill itself regardless of prophecy。 Besides； must not justice be done and our education be finished？
PROPERTY IS ROBBERY！ 。 。 。 What a revolution in human ideas！ PROPRIETOR and ROBBER have been at all times expressions as contradictory as the beings whom they designate are hostile； all languages have perpetuated this opposition。 On what authority； then； do you venture to attack universal consent； and give the lie to the human race？ Who are you； that you should question the judgment of the nations and the ages？
Of what consequence to you； reader； is my obscure individuality？ I live； like you； in a century in which reason submits only to fact and to evidence。 My name； like yours； is TRUTH… SEEKER。＇1＇ My mission is written in these words of the law： SPEAK WITHOUT HATRED AND WITHOUT FEAR； TELL THAT WHICH THOU KNOWEST！ The work of our race is to build the temple of science； and this science includes man and Nature。 Now； truth reveals itself to all； to…day to Newton and Pascal； tomorrow to the herdsman in the valley and the journeyman in the shop。 Each one contributes his stone to the edifice； and； his task accomplished； disappears。 Eternity precedes us； eternity follows us： between two infinites； of what account is one poor mortal that the century should inquire about him？
＇1＇ In Greek； ｛GREEK e ncg ｝ examiner； a philosopher whose business is to seek the truth。
Disregard then； reader； my title and my character； and attend only to my arguments。 It is in accordance with universal consent that I undertake to correct universal error； from the OPINION of the human race I appeal to its FAITH。 Have the courage to follow me； and； if your will is untrammelled； if your conscience is free； if your mind can unite two propositions and deduce a third therefrom； my ideas will inevitably become yours。 In beginning by giving you my last word； it was my purpose to warn you； not to defy you； for I am certain that； if you read me； you will be compelled to assent。 The things of which I am to speak are so simple and clear that you will be astonished at not having perceived them before； and you will say： 〃I have neglected to think。〃 Others offer you the spectacle of genius wresting Nature's secrets from her； and unfolding before you her sublime messages； you will find here only a series of experiments upon JUSTICE and RIGHT a sort of verification of the weights and measures of your conscience。 The operations shall be conducted under your very eyes； and you shall weigh the result。
Nevertheless； I build no system。 I ask an end to privilege； the abolition of slavery； equality of rights； and the reign of law。 Justice； nothing else； that is the alpha and omega of my argument： to others I leave the business of governing the world。
One day I asked myself： Why is there so much sorrow and misery in society？ Must man always be wretched？ And not satisfied with the explanations given by the reformers；these attributing the general distress to governmental cowardice and incapacity； those to conspirators and emeutes； still others to ignorance and general corruption；and weary of the interminable quarrels of the tribune and the press； I sought to fathom the matter myself。 I have consulted the masters of science； I have read a hundred volumes of philosophy； law； political economy； and history： would to God that I had lived in a century in which so much reading had been useless！ I have made every effort to obtain exact information； comparing doctrines； replying to objections； continually constructing equations and reductions from arguments； and weighing thousands of syllogisms in the scales of the most rigorous logic。 In this laborious work； I have collected many interesting facts which I shall share with my friends and the public as soon as I have leisure。 But I must say that I recognized at once that we had never understood the meaning of these words； so common and yet so sacred： JUSTICE； EQUITY； LIBERTY； that concerning each of these principles our ideas have been utterly obscure； and； in fact； that this ignorance was the sole cause； both of the poverty that devours us； and of all the calamities that have ever afflicted the human race。
My mind was frightened by this strange result： I doubted my reason。 What！ said I； that which eye has not seen； nor ear heard； nor insight penetrated； you have discovered！ Wretch； mistake not the visions of your diseased brain for the truths of science！ Do you not know （great philosophers have said so） that in points of practical morality universal error is a contradiction？
I resolved then to test my arguments； and in entering upon this new labor I sought an answer to the following questions： Is it possible that humanity can have been so long and so universally mistaken in the application of moral principles？ How and why could it be mistaken？ How can its error； being universal； be capable of correction？
These questions； on the solution of which depended the certainty of my conclusions； offered no lengthy resistance to analysis。 It will be seen； in chapter V。 of this work； that in morals； as in all other branches of knowledge； the gravest errors are the dogmas of science； that； even in works of justice； to be mistaken is a privilege which ennobles man； and that whatever philosophical merit may attach to me is infinitely small。 To name a thing is easy： the difficulty is to discern it before its appearance。 In giving expression to the last stage of an idea； an idea which permeates all minds； which to…morrow will be proclaimed by another if I fail to announce it to…day；I can claim no merit save that of priority of utterance。 Do we eulogize the man who first perceives the dawn？
Yes： all men believe and repeat that equality of conditions is identical with equality of rights； that PROPERTY and ROBBERY are synonymous terms； that every social advantage accorded； or rather usurped； in the name of superior talent or service； is iniquity and extortion。 All men in their hearts； I say； bear witness to these truths； they need only to be made to understand it。
Before entering directly upon the question before me； I must say a word of the road that I shall traverse。 When Pascal approached a geometrical problem； he invented a method of solution； to solve a problem in philosophy a method is equally necessary。 Well； by how much do the problems of which philosophy treats surpass in the gravity of their results those discussed by geometry！ How much more imperatively； then； do they demand for their solution a profound and rigorous analysis！
It is a fact placed for ever beyond doubt； say the modern psychologists； that every perception received by the mind is determined by certain general laws which govern the mind； is moulded； so to speak； in certain types pre…existing in our understanding； and which constitutes its original condition。 Hence； say they； if the mind has no innate IDEAS； it has at least innate FORMS。 Thus； for example； every phenomenon is of necessity conceived by us as happening in TIME and SPACE； that compels us to infer a CAUSE of its occurrence； every thing which exists implies the ideas of SUBSTANCE； MODE； RELATION； NUMBER； &C。； in a w