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What is Property？
P。 J。 Proudhon
AN INQUIRY INTO THE PRINCIPLE OF
RIGHT AND OF GOVERNMENT
P。 J。 Proudhon
CONTENTS。
P。 J。 PROUDHON： HIS LIFE AND HIS WORKS
PREFACE
FIRST MEMOIR
CHAPTER I。
METHOD PURSUED IN THIS WORK。THE IDEA OF A REVOLUTION
CHAPTER II。
PROPERTY CONSIDERED AS A NATURAL RIGHT。OCCUPATION AND CIVIL LAW AS EFFICIENT BASES OF PROPERTY。DEFINITIONS ％ 1。 Property as a Natural Right。 ％ 2。 Occupation as the Title to Property。 ％ 3。 Civil Law as the Foundation and Sanction of Property。
CHAPTER III。
LABOR AS THE EFFICIENT CAUSE OF THE DOMAIN OF PROPERTY ％ 1。 The Land cannot be appropriated。 ％ 2。 Universal Consent no Justification of Property。 ％ 3。 Prescription gives no Title to Property。 ％ 4。 Labor。That Labor has no Inherent Power to appropriate Natural Wealth。 ％ 5。 That Labor leads to Equality of Property。 ％ 6。 That in Society all Wages are Equal。 ％ 7。 That Inequality of Powers is the Necessary Condition of Equality of Fortunes。 ％ 8。 That； from the stand…point of Justice； Labor destroys Property。
CHAPTER IV。
THAT PROPERTY IS IMPOSSIBLE
DEMONSTRATION。 AXIOM。
Property is the Right of Increase claimed by the Proprietor over any thing which he has stamped as his own。
FIRST PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because it demands Something for Nothing。
SECOND PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because； wherever it exists； Production costs more than it is worth。
THIRD PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because； with a given Capital； Production is proportional to Labor； not to Property。
FOURTH PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because it is Homicide。
FIFTH PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because； if it exists； Society devours itself。
Appendix to the Fifth Proposition。
SIXTH PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because it is the Mother of Tyranny。
SEVENTH PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because； in consuming its Receipts； it loses them； in hoarding them； it nullifies them； and； in using them as Capital； it turns them against Production。
EIGHTH PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because its Power of Accumulation is infinite； and is exercised only over Finite Quantities。
NINTH PROPOSITION Property is Impossible； because it is powerless against Property。
TENTH PROPOSITION。 Property is Impossible； because it is the Negation of Equality。
CHAPTER V。 PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPOSITION OF THE IDEA OF JUSTICE AND IN JUSTICE； AND A DETERMINATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF GOVERNMENT AND OF RIGHT。
PART 1。
％ 1。 Of the Moral Sense in Man and the Animals。 ％ 2。 Of the First and Second Degrees of Sociability。 ％ 3。 Of the Third Degree of Sociability。
PART I 1。 ％ 1。 Of the Causes of our Mistakes。 The Origin of Property。 ％ 2。 Characteristics of Communism and of Property。 ％ 3。 Determination of the Third Form of Society。 Conclusion。
SECOND MEMOIR LETTER TO M。 BLANQUI ON PROPERTY
P。 J。 PROUDHON：
HIS LIFE AND HIS WORKS。
The correspondence＇1＇ of P。 J。 Proudhon； the first volumes of which we publish to…day； has been collected since his death by the faithful and intelligent labors of his daughter； aided by a few friends。 It was incomplete when submitted to Sainte Beuve； but the portion with which the illustrious academician became acquainted was sufficient to allow him to estimate it as a whole with that soundness of judgment which characterized him as a literary critic。
＇1＇ In the French edition of Proudhon's works； the above sketch of his life is prefixed to the first volume of his correspondence； but the translator prefers to insert it here as the best method of introducing the author to the American public。
He would； however； caution readers against accepting the biographer's interpretation of the author's views as in any sense authoritative； advising them； rather； to await the publication of the remainder of Proudhon's writings； that they may form an opinion for themselves。Translator。
In an important work； which his habitual readers certainly have not forgotten； although death did not allow him to finish it； Sainte Beuve thus judges the correspondence of the great publicist：
〃The letters of Proudhon； even outside the circle of his particular friends； will always be of value； we can always learn something from them； and here is the proper place to determine the general character of his correspondence。
〃It has always been large； especially since he became so celebrated； and； to tell the truth； I am persuaded that； in the future； the correspondence of Proudhon will be his principal； vital work； and that most of his books will be only accessory to and corroborative of this。 At any rate； his books can be well understood only by the aid of his letters and the continual explanations which he makes to those who consult him in their doubt； and request him to define more clearly his position。
〃There are； among celebrated people； many methods of correspondence。 There are those to whom letter…writing is a bore； and who； assailed with questions and compliments； reply in the greatest haste； solely that the job may be over with； and who return politeness for politeness； mingling it with more or less wit。 This kind of correspondence； though coming from celebrated people； is insignificant and unworthy of collection and classification。
〃After those who write letters in performance of a disagreeable duty； and almost side by side with them in point of insignificance； I should put those who write in a manner wholly external； wholly superficial； devoted only to flattery； lavishing praise like gold； without counting it； and those also who weigh every word； who reply formally and pompously； with a view to fine phrases and effects。 They exchange words only； and choose them solely for their brilliancy and show。 You think it is you； individually； to whom they speak； but they are addressing themselves in your person to the four corners of Europe。 Such letters are empty； and teach as nothing but theatrical execution and the favorite pose of their writers。
〃I will not class among the latter the more prudent and sagacious authors who； when writing to individuals； keep one eye on posterity。 We know that many who pursue this method have written long； finished； charming； flattering； and tolerably natural letters。 Beranger furnishes us with the best example of this class。
〃Proudhon； however； is a man of entirely different nature and habits。 In writing； he thinks of nothing but his idea and the person whom he addresses： ad rem et ad hominem。 A man of conviction and doctrine； to write does not weary him； to be questioned does not annoy him。 When approached； he cares only to know that your motive is not one of futile curiosity； but the love of truth； he assumes you to be serious； he replies； he examines your objections； sometimes verbally； sometimes in writing； for； as he remarks； ‘if there be some points which correspondence can never settle； but which can be made clear by conversation in two minutes； at other times just the opposite is the case： an objection clearly stated in writing； a doubt well expressed； which elicits a direct and positive reply； helps things along more than ten hours of oral intercourse！' In writing to you he does not hesitate to treat the subject anew； he unfolds to you the foundation and superstructure of his thought： rarely does he confess himself defeatedit is not his way； he holds to his position； but admits the breaks； the variations； in short； the EVOLUTION of his mind。 The history of his mind is in his letters； there it must be sought。
〃Proudhon； whoever addresses him； is always ready； he quits the page of the book on which he is at work to answer you with the same pen； and that without losing patience； without getting confused； without sparing or complaining of his ink； he is a public man； devoted to the propagation of his idea by all methods； and the best method； with him； is always the present one； the latest one。 His very handwriting； bold； uniform； legible； even in the most tiresome passages； betrays no haste； no hurry to finish。 Each line is accurate： nothing is left to chance； the punctuation； very correct and a little emphati