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l often serve accurately to represent a Papuan or Timorese； the darker colour and more frizzly hair of the latter being the only differences。 They are both tall races。 They agree in their love of art and the style of their decorations。 They are energetic； demonstrative； joyous； and laughter…loving； and in all these particulars they differ widely from the Malay。
I believe； therefore； that the numerous intermediate forms that occur among the countless islands of the Pacific； are not merely the result of a mixture of these races； but are； to some extent； truly intermediate or transitional； and that the brown and the black； the Papuan； the natives of Gilolo and Ceram； the Fijian； the inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands and those of New Zealand； are all varying forms of one great Oceanic or Polynesian race。
It is； however； quite possible； and perhaps probable； that the brown Polynesians were originally the produce of a mixture of Malays； or some lighter coloured Mongol race with the dark Papuans； but if so； the intermingling took place at such a remote epoch； and has been so assisted by the continued influence of physical conditions and of natural selection； leading to the preservation of a special type suited to those conditions； that it has become a fixed and stable race with no signs of mongrelism； and showing such a decided preponderance of Papuan character； that it can best be classified as a modification of the Papuan type。 The occurrence of a decided Malay element in the Polynesian languages； has evidently nothing to do with any such ancient physical connexion。 It is altogether a recent phenomenon； originating in the roaming habits of the chief Malay tribes； and this is proved by the fact that we find actual modern words of the Malay and Javanese languages in use in Polynesia； so little disguised by peculiarities of pronunciation as to be easily recognisablenot mere Malay roots only to be detected by the elaborate researches of the philologist； as would certainly have been the case had their introduction been as remote as the origin of a very distinct racea race as different from the Malay in mental and moral； as it is in physical characters。
As bearing upon this question it is important to point out the harmony which exists； between the line of separation of the human races of the Archipelago and that of the animal productions of the same country； which I have already so fully explained and illustrated。 The dividing lines do not； it is true； exactly agree； but I think it is a remarkable fact； and something more than a mere coincidence； that they should traverse the same district and approach each other so closely as they do。 If； however； I am right in my supposition that the region where the dividing line of the Indo…Malayan and Austro…Malayan regions of zoology can now be drawn； was formerly occupied by a much wider sea than at present； and if man existed on the earth at that period； we shall see good reason why the races inhabiting the Asiatic and Pacific areas should now meet and partially intermingle in the vicinity of that dividing line。
It has recently been maintained by Professor Huxley； that the Papuans are more closely allied to the negroes of Africa than to any other race。 The resemblance both in physical and mental characteristics had often struck myself； but the difficulties in the way of accepting it as probable or possible； have hitherto prevented me front giving full weight to those resemblances。 Geographical； zoological； and ethnological considerations render it almost certain； that if these two races ever had a common origin； it could only have been at a period far more remote than any which has yet been assigned to the antiquity of the human race。 And even if their lenity could be proved； it would in no way affect my argument for the close affinity of the Papuan and Polynesian races； and the radical distinctness of both from the Malay。
Polynesia is pre…eminently an area of subsidence； and its goat widespread groups of coral…reefs mark out tile position of former continents and islands。 The rich and varied； yet strangely isolated productions of Australia and New Guinea； also indicate an extensive continent where such specialized forms were developed。 The races of men now inhabiting these countries are； therefore； most probably the descendants of the races which inhabited these continents and islands。 This is the most simple and natural supposition to make。 And if we find any signs of direct affinity between the inhabitants of any other part of the world and those of Polynesia； it by no means follows that the latter were derived from the former。 For as； when a Pacific continent existed； the whole geography of the earth's surface would probably be very different from what it now is； the present continents may not then have risen above the ocean； and； when they were formed at a subsequent epoch； may have derived some of their inhabitants from the Polynesian area itself。 It is undoubtedly true that there are proofs of extensive migrations among the Pacific islands； which have led to community of language from the sandwich group to New Zealand； but there are no proofs whatever of recent migration from any surrounding country to Polynesia； since there is no people to be found elsewhere sufficiently resembling the Polynesian race in their chief physical and mental characteristics。
If the past history of these varied races is obscure and uncertain； the future is no less so。 The true Polynesians； inhabiting the farthest isles of the Pacific； are no doubt doomed to an early extinction。 But the more numerous Malay race seems well adapted to survive as the cultivator of the soil； even when his country and government have passed into the hands of Europeans。 If the tide of colonization should be turned to New Guinea； there can be little doubt of the early extinction of the Papuan race。 A warlike and energetic people； who will not submit to national slavery or to domestic servitude； must disappear before the white man as surely as do the wolf and the tiger。
I have now concluded my task。 I have given； in more or less detail； a sketch of my eight years' wanderings among the largest and the most luxuriant islands which adorn our earth's surface。 I have endeavoured to convey my impressions of their scenery； their vegetation； their animal productions； and their human inhabitants。 I have dwelt at some length on the varied and interesting problems they offer to the student of nature。 Before bidding my reader farewell； I wish to make a few observations on a subject of yet higher interest and deeper importance； which the contemplation of savage life has suggested； and on which I believe that the civilized can learn something from the savage man。
We most of us believe that we； the higher races have progressed and are progressing。 If so； there must be some state of perfection； some ultimate goal； which we may never reach； but to which all true progress must bring nearer。 What is this ideally perfect social state towards which mankind ever has been； and still is tending？ Our best thinkers maintain； that it is a state of individual freedom and self…government； rendered possible by the equal development and just balance of the intellectual； moral； and physical parts of our nature；a state in which we shall each be so perfectly fitted for a social existence； by knowing what is right； and at the same time feeling an irresistible impulse to do what we know to be right。； that all laws and all punishments shall be unnecessary。 In such a state every man would have a sufficiently well…balanced intellectual organization； to understand the moral law in all its details； and would require no other motive but the free impulses of his own nature to obey that law。
Now it is very remarkable； that among people in a very low stage of civilization； we find some approach to such a perfect social state。 I have lived with communities of savages in South America and in the East； who have no laws or law courts but the public opinion of the village freely expressed。 Each man scrupulously respects the rights of his fellow； and any infraction of those rights rarely or never takes place。 In such a community； all are nearly equal。 There are cone