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they assume。〃
＇14＇ 〃To have played his part in counsel。〃 See 〃Anab。〃 passim； and M。
Taine； 〃Essais de Critique；〃 〃Xenophon；〃 p。 128。
＇15＇ Lit。 〃they do not indulge in false additions； pretending to have
put more enemies to death than actually fell。〃
＇16＇ Cf。 〃Hipparch；〃 viii。 11； 〃Cyrop。〃 VIII。 iii。 25； 〃Thuc。〃 i。 49。
But the tyrant； when he forebodes； or possibly perceives in actual
fact； some opposition brewing； and puts the suspects＇17＇ to the sword；
knows he will not thereby promote the welfare of the state
collectively。 The cold clear fact is； he will have fewer subjects to
rule over。＇18＇ How can he show a cheerful countenance？＇19＇ how magnify
himself on his achievement？ On the contrary； his desire is to lessen
the proportions of what has taken place； as far as may be。 He will
apologise for what he does； even in the doing of it； letting it appear
that what he has wrought at least was innocent；＇20＇ so little does his
conduct seem noble even to himself。 And when those he dreaded are
safely in their graves； he is not one whit more confident of spirit；
but still more on his guard than heretofore。 That is the kind of war
with which the tyrant is beset from day to day continually； as I do
prove。＇21＇
＇17＇ See Hold。 （crit。 app。）； Hartman； op。 cit。 p。 260。
＇18＇ Cf。 〃Mem。〃 I。 ii。 38。
＇19＇ Cf。 〃Anab。〃 II。 vi。 11； 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 16。
＇20＇ 〃Not of malice prepense。〃
＇21＇ Or； 〃Such then； as I describe it； is the type of war；〃 etc。
III
Turn now and contemplate the sort of friendship whereof it is given to
tyrants to partake。 And first； let us examine with ourselves and see
if friendship is truly a great boon to mortal man。
How fares it with the man who is beloved of friends？ See with what
gladness his friends and lovers hail his advent！ delight to do him
kindness！ long for him when he is absent from them！＇1＇ and welcome him
most gladly on his return！＇2＇ In any good which shall betide him they
rejoice together； or if they see him overtaken by misfortune； they
rush to his assistance as one man。＇3＇
＇1＇ Reading ｛an ate｝； or if ｛an apie｝； transl。 〃have yearning hearts
when he must leave them。〃
＇2＇ See Anton Rubinstein； 〃Die Musik and ihre Meister；〃 p。 8； 〃Some
Remarks on Beethoven's Sonata Op。 81。〃
＇3＇ Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 I。 vi。 24 for a repetition of the sentiment and
phraseology。
Nay！ it has not escaped the observation of states and governments that
friendship is the greatest boon； the sweetest happiness which men may
taste。 At any rate； the custom holds＇4＇ in many states 〃to slay the
adulterer〃 alone of all 〃with impunity；〃＇5＇ for this reason clearly
that such miscreants are held to be destroyers of that friendship＇6＇
which binds the woman to the husband。 Since where by some untoward
chance a woman suffers violation of her chastity；＇7＇ husbands do not
the less honour them； as far as that goes； provided true affection
still appear unsullied。＇8＇
＇4＇ Lit。 〃many of the states have a law and custom to；〃 etc。 Cf。 〃Pol。
Lac。〃 ii。 4。
＇5＇ Cf。 Plat。 〃Laws；〃 874 C； 〃if a man find his wife suffering
violence he may kill the violator and be guiltless in the eye of
the law。〃 Dem。 〃in Aristocr。〃 53； ｛ean tis apokteine en athlois
akon 。 。 。 e epi damarti； k。t。l。 。 。 。 touton eneka me pheugein
kteinanta｝。
＇6＇ See Lys。 〃de caed Eratosth。〃 S。 32 f。； ｛outos； o andres； tous
biazomenous elattonos zemias axious egesato einai e tous
peithontas 。 ton men gar thanaton kategno； tois de diplen epoiese
ten blaben； egoumenos tous men diaprattomenous bia upo ton
biasthenton miseisthai； tous de peisantas outos aution tas psukhas
diaphtheirein ost' oikeioteras autois poiein tas allotrias
gunaikas e tois andrasi kai pasan ep' ekeinois ten oikian
gegonenai kai tous paidas adelous einai opoteron tugkhanousin
ontes； ton andron e ton moikhon 。 anth' on o ton nomon titheis
thanaton autois epoiese ten zemian｝。 Cf。 〃Cyrop。〃 III。 i。 39；
〃Symp。〃 viii。 20； Plut。 〃Sol。〃 xxiii。； ｛olos de pleisten ekhein
atopian oi peri ton gunaikon nomoi to Soloni dokousi。 moikhon men
gar anelein tio labonti dedoken； ean d' arpase tis eleutheran
gunaika kai biasetai zemian ekaton drakhmas etaxe' kan proagogeue
drakhmas aikosi； plen osai pephasmenos polountai； legon de tas
etairas。 autai gar emphanos phoitosi pros tous didontas｝； 〃Solon's
laws in general about women are his strangest； for he permitted
any one to kill an adulterer that found him in the act； but if any
one forced a free woman； a hundred drachmas was the fine； if he
enticed her； twenty；except those that sell themselves openly；
that is； harlots； who go openly to those that hire them〃 （Clough；
i。 p。 190）。
＇7＇ Or； 〃fall a victim to passion through some calamity；〃 〃commit a
breach of chastity。〃 Cf。 Aristot。 〃H。 A。〃 VII。 i。 9。
＇8＇ Or； 〃if true affection still retain its virgin purity。〃 As to this
extraordinary passage； see Hartman； op。 cit。 p。 242 foll。
So sovereign a good do I； for my part； esteem it to be loved； that I
do verily believe spontaneous blessings are outpoured from gods and
men on one so favoured。
This is that choice possession which； beyond all others； the monarch
is deprived of。
But if you require further evidence that what I say is true； look at
the matter thus： No friendship； I presume； is sounder than that which
binds parents to their children and children to their parents；
brothers and sisters to each other；＇9＇ wives to husbands； comrade to
comrade。
＇9＇ Or； 〃brothers to brothers。〃
If； then； you will but thoughtfully consider it； you will discover it
is the ordinary person who is chiefly blest in these relations。＇10＇
While of tyrants； many have been murderers of their own children； many
by their children murdered。 Many brothers have been murderers of one
another in contest for the crown；＇11＇ many a monarch has been done to
death by the wife of his bosom；＇12＇ or even by his own familiar
friend； by him of whose affection he was proudest。＇13＇
＇10＇ Or； 〃that these more obvious affections are the sanctities of
private life。〃
＇11＇ Or； 〃have caught at the throats of brothers〃； lit。 〃been slain
with mutually…murderous hand。〃 Cf。 Pind。 Fr。 137； Aesch。 〃Sept。 c。
Theb。〃 931； 〃Ag。〃 1575； concerning Eteocles and Polynices。
＇12＇ See Grote； 〃H。 G。〃 xi。 288； xii。 6； 〃Hell。〃 VI。 iv。 36； Isocr。
〃On the Peace；〃 182； Plut。 〃Dem。 Pol。〃 iii。 （Clough； v。 p。 98）；
Tac。 〃Hist。〃 v。 8； about the family feuds of the kings of Judaea。
＇13＇ 〃It was his own familiar friend who dealt the blow； the nearest
and dearest to his heart。〃
How can you suppose； then； that being so hated by those whom nature
predisposes and law compels to love him； the tyrant should be loved by
any living soul beside？
IV
Again； without some moiety of faith and trust；＇1＇ how can a man not
feel to be defrauded of a mighty blessing？ One may well ask： What
fellowship； what converse； what society would be agreeable without
confidence？ What intercourse between man and wife be sweet apart from
trustfulness？ How should the 〃faithful esquire〃 whose faith is
mistrusted still be lief and dear？＇2＇
＇1＇ 〃How can he； whose