the foundations of personality-第84章

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seas　and　learned　that　French　patriotism；　like　the　American　brand；　did　not　prevent　profiteering；　and　that　enlistment　in　a　common　cause　does　not　allay　or　abate　racial　prejudices　and　antagonisms。　This；　however；　did　not　prey　on　his　mind；　for　he　took　his　Americanism　as　superior　without　argument　and　was　not　especially　disappointed　because　of　French　customs　and　morals。　He　took　part　in　several　battles；　made　night　attacks；　bayonetted　his　first　man　with　a　horror　that　however　disappeared　under　the　glory　of　victory。　One　day　as　he　and　a　few　comrades　were　in　a　front　line　trench；　〃Jerry〃　placed　a　high　explosive　〃plump　in　the　middle　of　it。〃　When　S。　recovered　consciousness；　he　found　himself　half　covered　with　dirt　and　debris　of　all　kinds；　and　when　he　crawled　out　and　brushed　himself　off；　he　saw　that　of　all　his　comrades　he　alone　survived；　and　that　they　were　mangled　and　mutilated　in　a　most　gruesome　way。　〃Pieces　of　my　friends　everywhere；〃　is　his　terse　account。　He　lay　in　the　trench；　not　daring　to　move　for　hours；　the　bitterest　thoughts　assailing　him；anger；　hatred　and　disgust　for　war；　the　Germans；　his　own　countrymen；　and　he　even　cursed　God。　When　he　did　this　he　shuddered　at　his　blasphemy；　became　remorseful　and　prayed　for　forgiveness。　A　little　later　he　crawled　out　of　the　trench　and　back　to　where　he　was　picked　up　by　the　medical　corps　and　taken　to　a　hospital。　He　was　examined；　nothing　wrong　was　found　and　he　was　sent　back　to　duty。　From　that　episode　dates　as　typical　an　anhedonia　as　I　have　ever　seen。　Gradually　he　became　sleepless　and　woke　each　day　more　tired　than　he　went　to　bed。　The　food　displeased　him；　and　he　grumbled　over　what　were　formerly　trifles。　He　wearied　easily；　and　nothing　seemed　to　move　him　to　enthusiasm　or　desire。　He　gave　up　friendship　after　friendship；　because　the　friends　annoyed　him　by　their　noise　and　boisterousness。　He　dreaded　the　roar　of　the　guns　and　the　shriek　of　shells　with　what　amounted　to　physical　agony。　He　brooded　alone；　and　though　not　melancholy　in　the　positive　insane　sense；　was　melancholy　in　the　disappearance　of　desire；　joy；　energy；　interest　and　enthusiasm。　Fortunately　the　armistice　came　at　this　time。　S。　was　examined　and　discharged　as　well　because　he　made　no　complaints；　for　he　was　anxious　to　get　home。　This　was　his　one　great　desire。　At　home；　with　a　nice　bed　to　sleep　in；　good　food　to　eat　and　the　pleasant　faces　of　his　own　people；　his　〃nerves〃　would　yield；　he　had　no　doubt。　But　he　was　mistaken；　this　was　not　the　case。　He　became　no　better；　and　though　he　tried　his　old　〃job；〃　he　found　that　he　could　not　find　the　energy；　enthusiasm　or　concentration　necessary　for　success。　He　was　then　referred　to　the　United　States　Public　Health　Service；　where　I　saw　him；　and　he　became　my　patient。　My　first　problem　was　to　restore　the　power　of　sleeping。　This　I　succeeded　in　doing　by　means　that　were　entirely　〃physical。〃　With　that　accomplished；　the　man　became　hopeful　of　further　results；　and　this　enabled　one　to　bring　about　a　desire　for　food；　again　by　physical　means；　medicine；　in　short。　The　problem　of　awaking　S。's　interest　simmered　down　to　that　of　finding　an　outlet　for　his　ambition。　The　Federal　Vocational　Board　granted　him　the　right　to　take　up　a　business　course　in　a　college。　Though　he　found　the　study　hard　at　first；　he　was　encouraged　to　keep　on　and　told　to　expect　little　of　himself　at　first。　This　is　an　important　point；　for　if　a　man　holds　himself　to　a　high　standard　under　conditions　such　as　those　of　S。；　then　failure　brings　a　discouragement　that　upsets　the　treatment。　At　any　rate　this　method　of　readjustment；　with　its　reliance　on　medicines　to　bring　sleep　and　appetite　and　on　training　to　bring　hope　and　relief　from　introspection；　worked　splendidly。　The　fact　is　that　no　abstruse　complicated　psychological　analysis　was　necessary　here　or　in　most　cases。　A　man　is　〃jarred〃　from　light…hearted　health　to　a　grim　discouraged　state。　This　discouragement　brings　with　it　sleeplessness　and　loss　of　appetite；　and　there　gradually　develops　a　series　of　habits　which　lower　endurance　and　energy。　The　habit　elements　in　this　condition　are　not　enough　recognized；　and　also　the　fact　that　most　of　the　disability　is　physical　in　its　development　though　psychological　at　the　start。　That　is；　A。　had　a　severe　emotional　reaction　to　a　horrible　experience；　this　brought　about　insomnia　and　disordered　nutrition；　and　these；　by　lowering　the　endurance　and　ability；　brought　to　being　a　vicious　circle　of　fatigue　and　depression；　in　which　fatigue　caused　depression　and　depression　increased　fatigue。　The　treatment　must　be　directed　at　first　to　the　physical　factors；　and　with　these　conquered　the　acquired　forms　of　anhedonia　usually　yield　readily。　It　would　be　interesting　to　consider　other　types　related　to　the　anhedonic　personality。　The　complainer；　the　whiner；　the　nag；　all　these　are　basically　people　who　are　hard　to　satisfy。　The　artistic　temperament　（found　rather　frequently　in　the　non…artistic）　is　hyperesthetic；　uncontrolled；　irritably　egoistic　and　demands　homage　and　service　from　others　which　exceeds　the　merit　of　the　individual；　in　other　words；　there　is　added　to　the　anhedonic　element　an　unreasonableness　that　is　peculiarly　exasperating。　I　pass　these　interesting　people　by　and　turn　to　the　opposite　of　the　anhedonic　group；　the　group　that　is　hearty　in　tastes　and　appetites；　easily　pleased　as　a　rule　and　often　crude　in　their　relish　of　life。　There　are　two　main　divisions　of　these　hearty　simple　people；those　who　are　untrained　and　relatively　uneducated；　and　whose　simplicity　may　disappear　under　cultivation；　and　another　typecultivated；　educated；　wisewho　still　retain　unspoiled　appetite　and　hearty　enjoyment。　Briefly　let　me　introduce　Dr。　O。；　an　athlete　in　his　youth　and　always　a　lover　of　the　great　outdoors。　O。　is　Homeric　in　the　simplicity　of　his　tastes。　A　house　is　a　place　in　which　to　sleep；　clothes　are　to　keep　one　warm；　food　is　to　eat　and　the　manner　of　its　service　is　an　indifferent　matter。　He　enjoys　with　almost　huge　pleasure　good　things　to　eat　and　good　things　to　drink；　but　as　he　puts　it；　〃I　am　as　much　at　home　with　corned　beef　and　cabbage　as　I　am　with　any　epicurean　chef　d'oeuvre。　I　like　the　feel　of　silk　next　my　body；　but　cotton　pleases　me　as　much。〃　He　is　clean　and　bathes　regularly；　but　has　no　repulsion　against　dirt　and　disorder。　At　home；　among　the　utmost　refinements　of　our　present…day　life；　he　prefers　the　rough　bare　essentials　of　existence。　To　him　beauty　is　not　exotic；　but　everywhere　present；　and　he　sees　it　in　a　workman　clad　in　overalls　and　breaking　stone　quite　as　much　as　in　a　carefully　harmonized　landscape。　He　has　no　pose　about　the　beauty　of　nature　as　against　the　beauty　of　man's　creations；　and　he　thinks　that　a　puffing　freight　engine；　dragging　a　load　of　cars　up　a　grade；　is　as　much　a　thing　to　enthuse　about　as　a　graceful　deer　sniffing　the　scent　of　the　hunter　in　some　pine　grove。　Imbued　with　a　zeal　for　living　and　a　desire　for　experience；　O。　has　not　been　as　successful　as　one　more　cautious　and　less　impetuous　might　have　been。　He　loves　his　profession　so　well　that　he　would　rather　spend　a　day　on　an　interesting　case　in　the　ward　of　some　hospital　than　to　treat　half　a　dozen　rich　patients　in　his　consulting　room。　His　purpose　is　indeed　unified；　he　seeks　to　learn　and　to　impart；　but　the　making　of　money　seems　to　him　a　necessary　irrelevance；　almost　an　impertinent　intrusion　upon　the　real　purposes　of　life。　He　is　eager　to　know　people；　he　shows　a　naive　curiosity　about　them；　an　interest　that　flatters　and　charms。　All　the　phenomena　of　lifeesoteric；　commonplace；　queer　and　conventionalare　grist　to　his　mill。　His　sexual　life　has　not　differed　greatly　from　that　of　other　men。　In　his　early　youth　his　passions　outran　his　inhibitions；　and　he　tasted　of　this　type　of　experience　with　the　same　gusto　with　which　he　delved　into　books。　As　he　reached　early　manhood　he　fell　in　love　and　pledged　himself　to　chastity。　Though　he　fell　out　of　love　soon　his　pledge　remained　in　full　force；　and　though　he　cursed　himself　as　a　fool　he　held　himself　aloof　from　sex　adventure。　When　he　was　twenty…seven　he　again　fell　in　love；　had　an　impetuous　and　charming　courtship　and　married。　He　loves　his　wife；　and　there　is　in　their　intimacy　a　buoyant　yet　controlled　passion　which　values　love　for　its　own　sake。　He　enters　into　his　duties　as　father　with　the　same　zeal　and　appetite　that　characterizes　his　every　activity。　O。　is　no　mystic；　proclaiming　his　unity　with　all　exis