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rests on my own head； and I shrink not from the responsibility attaching to it。
If those； whose mismanagement of that Society I condemn； should accuse me of hostility to the Royal Society； my answer is； that the party which governs it is not the Royal Society； and that I will only admit the justice of the accusation； when the whole body； becoming acquainted with the system I have exposed； shall； by ratifying it with their approbation； appropriate it to themselves： an event of which I need scarcely add I have not the slightest anticipation。
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CONTENTS。
PREFACE Introductory Remarks CHAP。 I。 On the Reciprocal Influence of Science and Education。 CHAP。 II。 Of the Inducements to Individuals to cultivate Science。 Sect。 1。 Professional Impulses。 2。 Of National Encouragement。 3。 Of Encouragement from learned Societies。 CHAP。 III。 General State of learned Societies in England。 CHAP。 IV。 State of the Royal Society in particular。 Sect。 1。 Mode of becoming a Fellow of the Royal Society。 2。 Of the Presidency and Vice…Presidencies。 3。 Of the Secretariships 4。 Of the Scientific Advisers。 5。 Of the Union of several Offices in one person。 6。 Of the Funds of the Society。 7。 Of the Royal Medals。 8。 Of the Copley Medals。 9。 Of the Fairchild Lecture。 10。 Of the Croonian Lecture。 11。 Of the Causes of the Present State of the Royal Society。 12。 Of the Plan for Reforming the Society。 CHAP。 V。 Of Observations。 Sect。 1。 Of Minute Precision。 2。 On the Art of Observing。 3。 On the Frauds of Observers。 CHAP。 VI。 Suggestions for the Advancement of Science in England。 Sect。 1。 Of the Necessity that Members of the Royal Society … should express their Opinions。 2。 Of Biennial Presidents。 3。 Of the Influence of the Colleges of Physicians and … Surgeons in the Royal Society。 4。 Of the Influence of the Royal Institution on the Royal … Society。 5。 Of the Transactions of the Royal Society。 6。 Order of Merit。 7。 Of the Union of Scientific Societies。 CONCLUSION。 APPENDIX NO。 1。 … NO。 2。 … NO。 3。
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REFLECTIONS ON THE DECLINE OF SCIENCE IN ENGLAND； AND ON SOME OF ITS CAUSES。
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS。
It cannot have escaped the attention of those； whose acquirements enable them to judge； and who have had opportunities of examining the state of science in other countries； that in England； particularly with respect to the more difficult and abstract sciences； we are much below other nations； not merely of equal rank； but below several even of inferior power。 That a country； eminently distinguished for its mechanical and manufacturing ingenuity； should be indifferent to the progress of inquiries which form the highest departments of that knowledge on whose more elementary truths its wealth and rank depend； is a fact which is well deserving the attention of those who shall inquire into the causes that influence the progress of nations。
To trace the gradual decline of mathematical； and with it of the highest departments of physical science； from the days of Newton to the present； must be left to the historian。 It is not within the province of one who； having mixed sufficiently with scientific society in England to see and regret the weakness of some of its greatest ornaments； and to see through and deplore the conduct of its pretended friends； offers these remarks； with the hope that they may excite discussion；with the conviction that discussion is the firmest ally of truth；and with the confidence that nothing but the full expression of public opinion can remove the evils that chill the enthusiasm； and cramp the energies of the science of England。
The causes which have produced； and some of the effects which have resulted from； the present state of science in England； are so mixed； that it is difficult to distinguish accurately between them。 I shall； therefore； in this volume； not attempt any minute discrimination； but rather present the result of my reflections on the concomitant circumstances which have attended the decay； and at the conclusion of it； shall examine some of the suggestions which have been offered for the advancement of British science。
CHAPTER I。
ON THE RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION。
That the state of knowledge in any country will exert a directive influence on the general system of instruction adopted in it； is a principle too obvious to require investigation。 And it is equally certain that the tastes and pursuits of our manhood will bear on them the traces of the earlier impressions of our education。 It is therefore not unreasonable to suppose that some portion of the neglect of science in England； may be attributed to the system of education we pursue。 A young man passes from our public schools to the universities； ignorant almost of the elements of every branch of useful knowledge； and at these latter establishments； formed originally for instructing those who are intended for the clerical profession； classical and mathematical pursuits are nearly the sole objects proposed to the student's ambition。
Much has been done at one of our universities during the last fifteen years； to improve the system of study； and I am confident that there is no one connected with that body； who will not do me the justice to believe that； whatever suggestions I may venture to offer； are prompted by the warmest feelings for the honour and the increasing prosperity of its institutions。 The ties which connect me with Cambridge are indeed of no ordinary kind。
Taking it then for granted that our system of academical education ought to be adapted to nearly the whole of the aristocracy of the country； I am inclined to believe that whilst the modifications I should propose would not be great innovations on the spirit of our institutions； they would contribute materially to that important object。
It will be readily admitted； that a degree conferred by an university； ought to be a pledge to the public that he who holds it possesses a certain quantity of knowledge。 The progress of society has rendered knowledge far more various in its kinds than it used to be； and to meet this variety in the tastes and inclinations of those who come to us for instruction； we have； besides the regular lectures to which all must attend； other sources of information from whence the students may acquire sound and varied knowledge in the numerous lectures on chemistry； geology； botany； history； &c。 It is at present a matter of option with the student； which； and how many of these courses he shall attend； and such it should still remain。 All that it would be necessary to add would be； that previously to taking his degree； each person should be examined by those Professors； whose lectures he had attended。 The pupils should then be arranged in two classes； according to their merits； and the names included in these classes should be printed。 I would then propose that no young man； except his name was found amongst the 〃List of Honours；〃 should be allowed to take his degree； unless he had been placed in the first class of some one at least of the courses given by the professors。 But it should still be imperative upon the student to possess such mathematical knowledge as we usually require。 If he had attained the first rank in several of these examinations； it is obvious that we should run no hazard in a little relaxing： the strictness of his mathematical trial。
If it should be thought preferable； the sciences might be grouped； and the following subjects be taken together：
Modern History。 Laws of England。 Civil Law。
Political Economy。 Applications of Science to Arts and Manufactures。
Chemistry。 Mineralogy。 Geology。
Zoology； including Physiology and Comparative Anatomy。 Botany； including Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy。
One of the great advantages of such a system would be； that no young person would have an excuse for not studying； by stating； as is most frequently done； that the only pursuits followed at Cambridge； classics and mathematics； are not adapted either to his taste； or to the wants of his after life。 His friends and relatives would then reasonably expect every student to have acquired distinction in SOME pursuit。 If it should be feared that this plan